REAL HENRY VII

Consolidation of reign (3)

• Dated his reign to the day before Bowsworth, meaning all Yorkists who fought against him were traitors and felt they needed to please the new King

• Used intelligence network of spies, scouts and cyphers (1505 onward)

• Used bonds - payments by the nobility to the crown for privileges and fines - imposed on those whose loyalty was questionable

Henry Tudor marries Elizabeth of York

1486

Henry Tudor marries Elizabeth of York (4)

• Elizabeth could ensure safekeeping of her remaining Woodville family whilst Henry could strengthen claim to the throne

• 1486 Parliament declares the Parliamentary act of 1484, declaring all of Edward IV’s heirs bastards, was to be destroyed

• 1486 Papal dispensation awarded, allowing the distant cousins to marry

• United Houses of Lancaster and York, essentially ending the Wars of the Roses

Lovell’s rebellion (3)

• Viscount Lovell and Stafford Grafton supporters of Richard III

• Attempted to rally support in the Northern regions but failed

• Henry arrived at insurrection to find rebels fled, Lovell headed to Margaret Duchess of Burgundy

Prince Arthur is born

1487

Lambert Simnel and Earl of Lincoln rebellion

1487

 Lambert Simnel and Earl of Lincoln rebellion (7)

• Rumours Son of Duke of Clarence, Edward of Warwick had escaped after being imprisoned by Henry Tudor or was under protection in Ireland and imposter was in the tower

• 1487 young boy appeared in Ireland claiming to be Edward of Warwick

• Gained popular support in the region, likely because Yorkists had previously been lieutenants in the country

• Henry reacted by parading the real Edward of Warwick in the streets of London  - but backfired when Edward’s cousin the Earl of Lincoln claimed Simnel was the real Edward

• Lincoln asked Margaret of Burgundy for support to be able to find enough mercenaries to sail back to Ireland and crown Simnel the ‘new king’ in Dublin

• 1487 Henry defended the throne at the Battle of Stoke where Lincoln led 2000 mercenaries and 400 Irish light infantry against the king. Henry was victorious.

• Lincoln killed in battle, Lovell fled and Simnel pardoned for offences

Battle of Stoke

1487

Yorkshire tax rebellion

1489

Warbeck and Sir William Stanley (11)

• Warbeck claims to be younger of two princes in the tower

• French initially support claim as distraction from proposed invasion of Brittany but later retract upon peace treaty with England

• Warbeck flees to Margaret of Burgundy to support his claim that he was her nephew

• Henry cuts trade with Netherlands to force Margaret to give up on Warbeck but = unemployment and riots in London

• In meantime Warbeck gains support from King of Romans 

• 1494 - Sir Clifford confirmed several high profile figures involved in plot, including step-uncle Sir William Stanley

• William Stanley held power as chamberlain of England, had strong military base, loyalty was questionable so was executed

• Invasion from Ireland on England still led, backed by the King of the Romans but lost. Warbeck found new ally in James IV of Scotland

• James IV keen to make military mark on international scene so backed Warbeck and arranged his marriage to a distant relation to show approval, ensuring he would receive Berwick upon Warbeck’s victory

• Warbeck withdrew from invasion when it was apparent he would lose, English border property still received great levels of damage

• English prepare retaliation attack on Scotland but delayed by Cornish rebellion allowing scots to prepare = Henry reopens peace negotiations with Scotland

Truce with Scotland

1497C

Cornish Rebellion

1497

Princess Katherine of Aragon marries Arthur

1501

Prince Arthur dies

1502H

Henry’s eldest daughter married James IV of Scotland

1503

Elizabeth of York dies in childbirth

1503

Cornish Rebellion (5)

• Caused by outrage at taxing Cornish people for war in Scotland 

• Rebels marched to Somerset where Lord Audley and 24 other gentry supported them

• Insurrection spread across the South West, calling on Warbeck for support

• 1497 Henry fought rebels at Blackheath, killing Lord Audley and ordering an investigation and fining of all those involved

• Warbeck arrived from Ireland with 8000 troops to lead dissidents but lost and fled back to sanctuary

Warbeck after Cornish Rebellion (3)

• Leaves sanctuary to be paraded around country

• 1498 Warbeck placed to lids imprisonment in the Tower where communicated with real Edward of Warwick

• Supposedly conspired to escape, giving reason for Henry to execute them both in 1499

The Yorkshire Tax rebellion (6)

• Proposed parliamentary tax to fund defence of Brittany against France

• Henry Percy addresses angry crowd to defend the taxes and is lynched

• Tensions increase in the North as Henry broke tradition of charging the region less (because they are defending the Scottish border), plus strong Yorkist loyalty here

• Percy’s murder undermined Tudor’s claim of bringing peace to the realm plus embarrassing that long standing supporter had been murdered 

• Rebels band under leadership of Yorkist sympathiser Sir Egremont

• Henry and Earl of Surrey arrive to subdue rebels, some hung, many fled to Margaret of Burgundy including Lord Egremont