SHS 716 Comprehensive Exam

Avoidance behaviors

Occur before the moment of stuttering has begun.

Blocks can occur at which level of speech production?

All of the above; Respiratory, laryngeal, and articulatory

"Developmental" stuttering

Is the most common form of stuttering.

Prolongations

Are only noticeable if it lasts for more than 2 seconds.

Core stuttering behaviors include

Repetitions, prolongations, blocks

The term "disfluency"

Refers to an interruption of normal speech.

Clinically, consistency refers to

The tendency to stutter on the same words when a passage is read several times.

Children who stutter?

Are more likely than non stuttering children to have relatives who stutter.

Predictors of recovery from stuttering include

All of the above; good phonological and language skills, family members who have recovered from stuttering, and early age of onset

A genetic contribution to stuttering is suggested because?

Studies have identified specific chromosomes that are believed to carry genes for stuttering.

Many studies show that people who stutter?

Have slower reaction times than people who don't stutter.

Which of the following may be a basis for stuttering?

All of the above; genes, birth trauma, emotional stress

Studies have shown that the brains of people who stutter, when compared with nonstutterers, may have differences in function or structure?

All of the above; basal ganglia, plan temporal, and in Broca's area

Altering auditory feedback

Can create an artificial stutter in normal speakers

It is likely that stuttering is generally caused by?

A mix of factors, including environmental and developmental factors

The onset of stuttering generally occurs?

Between the ages of 2 and 5.

Stuttering is most likely to begin?

When speech and language are developing rapidly.

Having to carry out complex speech and language tasks?

Is a possible factor in the development of stuttering.

Studies have demonstrated that even when speaking fluently, stutters have?

All of the above; longer vowel durations, slower transitions between constants and vowels, delayed onset of voicing after voiceless consonants.

Research to determine the critical developmental and environmental factors affecting the onset of stuttering

Has provided promising evidence but not conclusive results.

Research has shown that mothers of children who stutter?

None of the above

There is evidence that treatment for stuttering?

Repairs deficits in auditory processing.

According to some theories, stuttering would be most likely to develop in?

A child with advanced language development and delayed motor development.

Between the ages of 3 and 4

Children begin to compare their own behaviors with those of their peers.

Some research shows that when compared with children who don't stutter, children who stutter are more likely?

To have increased anxiety.

Whether or not a word is stuttered is influenced by what?

All of the above; class of word, location, length

Stressful speaking situations for children include?

All of the above; parents who speak rapidly, parents who interrupt often, parents who use overly complex syntax

A relationship between difficult life events and the onset of stuttering?

Has been noted by many authors.

Associating speaking to a large audience with stuttering is an example of?

Classical conditioning

For classical conditioning to take place?

It is likely that classical conditioning?

Is a factor in the development of stuttering in a child.

Having a client stutter and receive praise for keeping stutter going and ending it easily is an example of what type of unlearning/

Countercondition

In operant conditioning, which type of consequence can occur?

All of the above; a positive reinforcer, a negative reinforcer, and a punishment.

Learning to blink one's eyes as a way to produce a word is an example of?

Operant conditioning

Escape behaviors when stuck in a stutter might include?

All of the above; pushing with the articulators, eye blinks, head nods

Avoidance conditioning is based on?

Trying to eliminate a learned fear.

Theories of Brain Disorganization most commonly address?

Hemispheric dominance

The "Covert Repair" hypothesis

Suggests that stuttering is caused by attempts to repair phonological errors before they are spoken.

According to Wendell Johnson's Diagnosogenic Theory

Stuttering can rise from parents overacting or misdiagnosing to normal disfluencies.

Oliver Bloodstein proposed that stuttering emerges?

From a child's frustration and failure when attempting to talk.

The "Capacities and Demands" theory proposes that stuttering can develop?

All of the above; when parental expectations are too high, when children place to many demands upon themselves, if children with limited speech capacities grow up in an environment with normal levels of demand

Primarily stuttering generally includes?

Repetitions with little or no physical tension.

Secondary stuttering

All of the above; may develop in children with more sensitive temperaments, generally includes an increase in physical tension during a stutter, can include avoiding certain words

It has been suggested that the reason girls are more likely than boys to recover from early stuttering is?

Girls' brains may have greater organizational plasticity.

Normal disfluency can be distinguished from stuttering by?

All of above; the amount of disfluency, the number of units in each repetition or injection,. the type of disfluency

When compared with stuttering, normal disfluency generally has a higher proportion of?

Multisyllabic whole-word and phrase repetitions.

Secondary behaviors

All of above; include tension in reaction to disfluency, include pauses or interjections before disfluencies, are a sign of stuttering rather than normal disfluency.

Situations that can cause typical disfluencies to increase include?

All of the above; periods of excitement such as holidays for vacations, periods of stress such as moving or parents' separation, during competition to be heard, such as at the dinner table.

Having 12 disfluencies per 100 words without tension or other reaction to one's disfluencies?

Would likely to be considered borderline stuttering.

Borderline stuttering usually emerges?

In children around 2 and 3.5 years old.

Compared with borderline stuttering, beginning stuttering is characterized by?

An increase in tempo of repeated syllables.

Substitutions, circumlocutions, and postponements

Are ways to avoid saying a word.

The "Capacities and Demands" theory proposes that stuttering can develop?

All of the above; when parental expectations are too high, when children place too many demands upon themselves, and if children with limited speech capacities grow up in an environment with normal levels of demand.

Assessment includes?

All of the above; gathering objective data about a person's stuttering, making subjective judgments about a person and his or her family, and getting information about a person's emotions and attitudes.

Making eye contact with a stutter?

May be inappropriate in some cultures.

When assessing children, which of the following should be counted as stutters?

All of the above; part word repetitions, sound prolongations, blockages of airflow.

A taped speech sample?

Should include both conversation and reading.

A reading sample?

Should contain about 200 syllables.

When calculating frequency of stuttering?

Words used as avoidance behaviors are counted as a stutter.

Duration of stutters

Should be calculated while watching a videotape.

Stuttering severity

Reflects an overall impression perceived by listeners.

The Stuttering Severity Index

Is a useful tool for assessing stuttering.

When beginning interview with parents of a preschool child, the clinician should?

Listen and be nonjudgmental.

One of the things a clinician might ask the parents of a preschool child is?

All of the above; what was the child's speech and language development like, what do the parents believe cause the problem, and how do the parents feel about the child's disfluency problem?

When evaluating a school-aged child, it is important for the clinician to speak with?

All of the above; child's parents, child's teachers, and the child.

Trial therapy with a school age child?

Can be conducted by the clinician during the evaluation.

The interview with an adult stutterer begins with?

Having him or her talk about why he or she has come to the clinic.

When evaluating an adolescent?

Parents may be asked to express their fears, concerns, and frustrations.

Among the options are evaluating a preschool child are?

All of the above; a watchful waiting, no treatment, and parent-centered treatment.

When analyzing a preschool child's speech sample, the clinician?

Looks for signs of tension during both prolongations and repetitions.

During an initial discussion with a school-age child, the clinician?

Can have the child draw pictures to elicit feelings.

An attribute important for a clinician to have is?

All choices; genuine, empathy, warmth

A clinicians beliefs about the etiology of stuttering can affect?

All choices; what he or she might look for in assessing someone who stutters, how he or she approaches treatment, and what he or she might say to the parents of a child who stutters.

Cognitive therapy

Helps a stutterer examine his or her thought processes.

A school-aged person who stutters?

Is often helped by group therapy.

Treatment for reducing avoidance behaviors?

Includes voluntary stutters

"Stuttering modification"

Includes attempting to change tense stutters into more relaxes ones.

When starting to work with a child with borderline stuttering, the clinician should?

Begin working with the family members.

Children with borderline stuttering?

Likely have an innate predisposition toward disfluency.

An important aspect of indirect treatment for borderline stuttering is for a parent?

All of the above; engage in non directive play with the child, to show understanding of the child's feelings, and to spend one-on-one time with the child each day.

When using direct treatment with a child with mild borderline stuttering?

Parents should have a daily "one-on-one" time with their child.

When beginning to model east stutters, the clinician?

Makes accepting comments about his or her own stutters.

"Catch Me" refers to?

Having a child recognize one of the clinician's stutters.

A child with beginning stuttering?

Will have part-word repetitions as the predominant core stuttering behavior.

Treatment for a child with beginning stuttering?

Includes daily practice of fluency.

In the Lidcombe Program?

Parents conduct daily treatment sessions.

Lidcombe treatment sessions?

Should maintain a linguistic level that enables the child to be mostly fluent

The Severity Rating Scale

Should be "calibrated" to see if the parent and clinician are in agreement.

Verbal contingencies in the Lidcombe Program

All of the choices; might include "that sounded a little bumpy", are given in a ratio of about 5 praises for fluency to 1 contingency for stuttering, and include pointing out a stutter.

Someone with intermediate stuttering?

Have anticipation and fear of the moment of stuttering.

One of the first things to do when treating someone with intermediate stuttering is to?

Help them feel accepted even when stuttering.

Fluency-shaping strategies?

Include techniques such as flexible rate, easy onsets, and light contacts.

Shame about stuttering?

Can be reduced by talking about it.

When beginning therapy with a child with intermediate stuttering, the clinician might?

All of the choices; find out what the child's goals are, explain to the child how stuttering develops, and go over the vocal tract and how speech is produced.

Light contact

Is used on consonants.

Someone with advanced stuttering is likely to?

Display tension, struggle, and escape and avoidance behaviors.

"Controlled fluency"

All of the choices; can be used when a speaker anticipates a stutter, can sometimes be used with the stuttering modification approach, and uses fluency shaping strategies to generate fluency.

When working with someone with advanced stuttering, the clinician should?

Understand conditioning principles in order to eliminate avoidance behaviors.

The Personal Aims for Treatment questionnaire?

Is a great tool to establish the goals and motivation of an adolescent/adult client.

Confronting stuttering by examining it and talking about it?

Can help decrease fear and avoidance.