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What is behavior influenced by?
Evolution
Genetics
Domestication
Training
Age
Sex
Environment
How much longer is the gestation period in a mare compared to other ruminants of comparable size?
20%
What does precocial mean?
Self relying
What are three F's of horses?
Forage
Freedom
Friendship
What does the value of a performance horse depend on?
Horse's behavioral responses to both training and management
What manner do horses behave in?
Maximize survival and propagation of species
What is included in self-protective behavior?
Wind, sun, predators
What does cold wind do to horses?
Increases chill factor
How do horses avoid wind?
Seek protection or graze with tail towards direction of wind
How do horses use the run to warm their body?
Stand broadside to it
T/F Horses have a strong flight instinct.
True
T/F Horses will not fight if unable to escape predators.
False
What does gregarious mean?
Social
T/F Horses are very social creatures.
True
How does social behavior increase survival?
Live in herds, which decreases risk of attack
What does the need for company create?
Challenges with training and handling
T/F Horses prefer isolation to company.
False
T/F Horses may bond with other animals if necessary.
True
What is a pecking order?
Order of dominance and submission
T/F Pecking order can change.
True
T/F All ranks do not show departure behavior.
False
What is reduced with a pecking order?
Overt fighting
Who is often the most dominant?
Older mare
What is the stallion considered?
Protector and organizer
What is the significance of dominance?
- Mixing new horses
- Riding in groups
- Racehorses
What are the different ways of communicating between horses?
Vocal, visual, olfactory
What is a whinny?
Distress call
What is a nicker?
Greeting
What is a squel?
Aggression or pain
What is a snort?
Warning of impending danger
What is a blowing?
Seeing/smelling; clearing; contentment
What is a groaning?
Pain or associated with sleep or defecating
What is used for expression?
Placement of ears, head, neck, body, and tail
What is snapping?
Repetitive opening and closing of mouth in young horses to indicate submission
What is olfactory (smell) important for?
Marking of territory, social order, detecting danger
What is the Flehmen response?
When a horse detects a particularly interesting scent, they curl back their lips
What is ingestive behavior?
Taking in food and water
When does ingestive behavior begin?
Birth
How many hours per day will a horse spend grazing?
12-16
What kind of eaters are horses?
Trickle feeders
What is eliminative behavior?
Defecation and urination
How often will a horse defecate?
2-3 hours
How often will a horse urinate?
4-6 hours
T/F Horses will establish an elimination area.
True
What is elimination marking?
Defecating and urinating over another horse's pile or voided urine
Why do horses do elimination marking?
Communicate their presence and status
What is contactual behavior?
Seeking protection or affection (body contact)
What is epimeletic behavior?
Giving of care and attention
Who commonly exhibits epimeletic behavior?
Mare and foal
What is et-epimeletic?
Signaling for care and attention
What is agonistic behavior?
Fighting or conflict
Which horses are more challenging to train?
Dominant horses
What is sexual behavior?
All activities associated with courtship and breeding controlled by hormones
What can affect learning in horses?
Estrus
What is polyphasic?
2 or more periods of sleep
On average, how many hours are horses in a drowsy, resting state?
2
On average, how many hours are horses asleep?
3
On average, how many hours are horses awake?
19
What is stay apparatus?
Allows sleep while standing through a series of tendons to control leg flexion
T/F Grooming and insect control behavior can happen individually or mutually.
True
What occurs during grooming and insect control behavior?
Rolling, shaking, rubbing, autogroom, and mutual groom
What occurs during investigative behavior?
Looking, smelling, mouthing, pawing, and tasting
What is investigative behavior?
Sensory environmental inspection
What is allelomimetic behavior?
Mimicry or copying behavior
What is closely related to allelomimetic behavior?
Gregarious behavior
What is playing behavior?
Social pattern which begins shortly after birth
What occurs during playing behavior?
Running, bucking, jumping, rearing, manipulating, object in mouth
When does abnormal behavior happen?
Often seen in confinement or isolation
What are examples of abnormal behavior?
Weaving, heading nodding and shaking, pacing/pawing, self-mutilation, cribbing
How much cortisol is in saliva?
25%
What occurs with cortisol levels during cribbing?
Lower
What is conflict behavior?
Actions of horses in response to cues/handling
Why does conflict behavior occur?
Confusion
What is learned helplessness?
State in which an animal has learned not to respond to pressure or pain
What is learned irrelevance?
Learning to ignore stimuli
What is habituation?
A decrease of response to a repeated stimulus as a result of frequent exposure
Where were over 100,000 skeletons excavated from?
Southern France
When did communal horse hunts take place in France
32,000 to 12,000 years ago
What was found on ancient horse bones
butchering marks
Where were the first horses domesticated?
central Asia and eastern Europe
Steppes/grasslands of Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan
Early human-horse relationship revolved around
hunting
Where did the first evidence of a relationship with the horse come from?
Stone age painting 33,000 years ago
When were the first horses domesticated?
between 5,000 and 6,000 years ago
How many years of communal horse hunts?
over 20,000 years
Who were considered to be the first horseman?
Batai people of Kazakhstan
Who held the horse in high esteem?
Greeks and Egyptians
Who is credited as the father of modern horse/modern horsemanship?
Xenophon
What did Xenophon write?
On horsemanship
what is Xenophon famous for
"no foot no horse"
what you do from the left
What were horses used for?
hunting
Travel
Agriculture
Logging
Mining
Pack/harness animals
Building
Humans owe more to...
horses than any other domesticated animal
When and how did the horse return to North America?
Spanish Conquistadors in the early 1500s
What made most of the 'wild' mustang herds we have in North America today?
Spanish mission in the 1600s
By when were most of the American Indian tribes reliant on the horse?
1750
Who developed most of the American breeds?
East coast colonists
How many horses in the World?
60 million
What 5 countries have more than 1 million horses?
US, China, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina
How many donkeys in the world?
43 million
Where are donkeys mostly located?
80% in Asia and Africa
about 54,000 in US
How many Mules are in the world?
15 million
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