CH. 6: Trait Theory

These flashcards cover key concepts related to trait theory in criminology, focusing on biological and psychological influences on criminal behavior.

What is the focus of biological (trait) theories in criminology?

They focus on characteristics of the offender rather than their circumstances.

What major debate surrounds biological theories of crime?

The nature vs. nurture debate regarding human behaviour and criminality.

Which classic literary work is referenced as an example of internal duality in humans?

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson.

What are some fictional characters mentioned that embody the concept of dual nature?

Dracula, Dexter, Two-Face, The Penguin.

What was a key philosophy of the positivist school of criminology?

It emphasized systematic observation and accumulation of evidence.

What did Cesare Lombroso propose about physical characteristics?

He believed certain physical characteristics indicated a criminal nature.

What concept did Lombroso introduce to explain criminal behavior?

Atavism, suggesting that criminals are throwbacks to primitive man.

What was Lombroso's most lasting contribution to criminology?

He asserted that punishment should fit the criminal, not just the crime.

What body types did William Sheldon study, and what did he relate them to?

He studied physique and temperament, linking body types to criminal behavior.

What are the three body types defined by Sheldon and their associated behaviors?

Endomorphs (gluttony), Mesomorphs (violence), Ectomorphs (economic crimes).

How did trait theories re-emerge in criminology?

Through biosocial criminology emphasizing genetic and neurological explanations.

What does the principle of equipotentiality suggest?

People are not born with equal potential to learn and achieve.

What dietary deficiencies have been linked to antisocial behavior?

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies, such as folate, vitamins A and C, magnesium, and zinc.

How can high sugar diets affect behavior?

They are associated with attention-span deficiencies, violence, and aggression.

What was the outcome of the experiment on dieting changes with incarcerated youths?

A decline of 45% in assaults, thefts, fights, and disobedience.

What hormonal influence is linked to aggressive behavior?

Abnormal levels of male sex hormones, particularly testosterone.

How did James Q. Wilson contribute to the understanding of human behavior?

He argued that hormones and neurotransmitters are key to explaining behaviors.

What effects can allergies have on behavior?

They can lead to hyperemotionality, depression, aggressiveness, and violence.

What is Minamata disease, and how does it relate to crime?

A illness caused by mercury poisoning linked to cognitive deficits and aggressive behaviors.

What conditions are associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?

Developmental delays, disruptive behaviors, and a higher likelihood of criminal behavior.

What is the significance of minimal brain dysfunction in criminology?

It is linked to impulse control issues and antisocial behavior.

What is the heritability rate of ADHD, and how does it relate to crime?

ADHD has a heritability of 76%, with strong social and environmental influences.

What brain structures are linked to persistent criminality?

Dysfunctions in the frontal and temporal regions.

How do neurotransmitters influence criminal behavior?

They can affect mood, impulse control, and aggression levels.

What role does serotonin play in behavior?

Low levels are linked to impulsivity and antisocial personality disorder.

What can excessive levels of dopamine lead to in individuals?

Increased aggression and impulsive behavior.

How does traumatic brain injury relate to changes in behavior?

Damage to the brain can lead to alterations in behavior patterns.

What is the connection between cravings for stimulation and criminality?

Individuals lacking dopamine-producing activities may turn to drugs.

What approach do contemporary trait theories take in understanding crime?

They explore the interplay between biology, environment, and learning in behavior.

How do modern biological theories view environmental influences?

They assert that environmental forces can trigger or mitigate deviant behaviors.

What aspects does biosociology examine?

The innate need to survive and how it interacts with biological and social factors.

What legacy did early biological theories leave for modern criminology?

They established foundational concepts that still inform contemporary perspectives on crime.