Chapter 5

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47 Terms

1

polymer

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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2

enzymes

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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3

starch

energy storage in plants; loose structure

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4

glycogen

energy storage for animals; found in the liver and muscle cells

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5

cellulose

structure for plants (cell walls) with a tight structure; most abundant organic compound
- parallel molecules are grouped into units called microfibrils
- we can't digest because of beta configuration (upside down)

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6

chitin

structure for insects' exoskeletons; fungi cell walls
- beta links+nitrogen-containing appendage

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7

ester linkage

covalent bonds formed between hydroxyl and carboxyl

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8

saturated fat

saturated by hydrogen; no double bonds between carbons
- solid at room temp due to tight packing

<p><span>saturated by hydrogen; no double bonds between carbons</span><br><span>- solid at room temp due to tight packing</span></p>
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9

unsaturated fat

double bonds between carbons, causing a kink in chain
- liquid at room temp

<p><span>double bonds between carbons, causing a kink in chain</span><br><span>- liquid at room temp</span></p>
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10

cis-fat

naturally occuring unsaturated fat
- hydrogens on the same side of double bond

<p><span>naturally occuring unsaturated fat</span><br><span>- hydrogens on the same side of double bond</span></p>
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trans-fat

unnaturally occuring unsaturated fat that is bad
- hydrogens on opposite side of double bond

<p><span>unnaturally occuring unsaturated fat that is bad</span><br><span>- hydrogens on opposite side of double bond</span></p>
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12

monosaccharide

simplest carbohydrate with a 1:2:1 ratio (C:H:O)
- examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
- turn into rings in water
- no nitrogen or phosphorus
- oxygen links in rings
- carbon skeleton is 3-7 carbons long

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13

disaccharide

two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic (covalent) bond
-carbohydrate

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14

polysaccharide

multiple polymers linked together
- only uses glucose polymers
- examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
- carbohydrate

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15

lipid

contain carbon and hydrogen (+ some oxygen)

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16

triglyceride

a fat
- made up of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails
- carbon at the end of fatty acid tail is part of a carboxyl group that acts as a hook
- hydrophobic because the hydrocarbon chains are nonpolar
- fatty acid tails joined to glycerol by an ester linkage
- dehydration reaction

<p><span>a fat</span><br><span>- made up of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails</span><br><span>- carbon at the end of fatty acid tail is part of a carboxyl group that acts as a hook</span><br><span>- hydrophobic because the hydrocarbon chains are nonpolar</span><br><span>- fatty acid tails joined to glycerol by an ester linkage</span><br><span>- dehydration reaction</span></p>
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17

phospholipid

makes up cell membranes by forming a bilayer in water
- made up of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group
- tail is hydrophobic and the head is hydrophilic (due to negative charges of oxygen)

<p><span>makes up cell membranes by forming a bilayer in water</span><br><span>- made up of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group</span><br><span>- tail is hydrophobic and the head is hydrophilic (due to negative charges of oxygen)</span></p>
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18

steriod

4 fused rings; lipid
- example: cholesterol - component of animal cell membranes+precursor where other steriods are synthesized (in liver and diet)

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19

protein

made up of 20 different amino acids
- bonds between amino acids are peptide (covalent) bonds

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20

functions of proteins

- speed up chemical reactions (enzymes)
- defense (using antibodies)
- storage
- transport (ex: hemoglobin)
- cellular communication (through hormones)
- movement
- structural support (ex: keratin)

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21

amino acid

an organic molecule with an amino group and carboxyl group with an alpha carbon in the middle
- R group differs
- can be polar or nonpolar (negative from O and positive from NH2)

<p><span>an organic molecule with an amino group and carboxyl group with an alpha carbon in the middle</span><br><span>- R group differs</span><br><span>- can be polar or nonpolar (negative from O and positive from NH2)</span></p>
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22

polypeptide

polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds (between carboxyls and amino groups)

<p><span>polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds (between carboxyls and amino groups)</span></p>
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23

primary protein structure

sequence of amino acids that is determined by genetic code
- held together by peptide bonds
- dictates other levels due to the chemical nature+side chains

<p><span>sequence of amino acids that is determined by genetic code</span><br><span>- held together by peptide bonds</span><br><span>- dictates other levels due to the chemical nature+side chains</span></p>
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24

secondary protein structure

polypeptide chains coiled or folded in patterns
- hydrogen bonds between the repeating components of polypeptide backbone (between nitrogens and oxygens)
- between non R groups
- alpha helix and beta pleats

<p><span>polypeptide chains coiled or folded in patterns</span><br><span>- hydrogen bonds between the repeating components of polypeptide backbone (between nitrogens and oxygens)</span><br><span>- between non R groups</span><br><span>- alpha helix and beta pleats</span></p>
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25

alpha helix

delicate coil held by hydrogen bonds between every fourth amino acid

<p><span>delicate coil held by hydrogen bonds between every fourth amino acid</span></p>
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beta pleat

two or more segments of polypeptide chain (beta strands) that are connected by hydrogen bonds

<p><span>two or more segments of polypeptide chain (beta strands) that are connected by hydrogen bonds</span></p>
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tertiary protein structure

overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from the interactions between the side chains (R groups)
- uses almost all types of bonds
- hydrophobic interaction can occur
- disulfide bridges can occur

<p><span>overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from the interactions between the side chains (R groups)</span><br><span>- uses almost all types of bonds</span><br><span>- hydrophobic interaction can occur</span><br><span>- disulfide bridges can occur</span></p>
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28

Hydrophobic interaction

the nonpolar chains on a protein end up in clusters (due to Van der Waals interactions) at the core of the protein - away from the outside water

<p><span>the nonpolar chains on a protein end up in clusters (due to Van der Waals interactions) at the core of the protein - away from the outside water</span></p>
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29

disulfide bridge

covalent bond formed between two monomers with sulhydryl groups
- brought together from the protein folding

<p><span>covalent bond formed between two monomers with sulhydryl groups</span><br><span>- brought together from the protein folding</span></p>
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30

Quaternary structure

overall protein structure that results from the clumping of polypeptides
- all proteins with multiple polypeptides

<p><span>overall protein structure that results from the clumping of polypeptides</span><br><span>- all proteins with multiple polypeptides</span></p>
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31

flow of a cell

DNA --> RNA --> Protein (polypeptide)

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32
<p><span>denaturation</span></p>

denaturation

happens when a protein unravels+loses shape
- chemical bonds and interactions may be destroyed (breaks shape)
- makes the protein biologically inactive
- caused by changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, etc.
- can happen if transferred from an aqueous environment to nonpolar solvent

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33

gene expression

the process of DNA and RNA

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34

DNA

genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents
- replicates itself to pass on genes
- double helix and deoxyribose sugar
- sugars and phosphates form a sugar-phosphate backbone when bonded in phosphodiester linkage

<p><span>genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents</span><br><span>- replicates itself to pass on genes</span><br><span>- double helix and deoxyribose sugar</span><br><span>- sugars and phosphates form a sugar-phosphate backbone when bonded in phosphodiester linkage</span></p>
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35

DNA nucleotide

contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G)

<p><span>contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G)</span></p>
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36

RNA nucleotide

contains ribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (A,U,G,C)

<p><span>contains ribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (A,U,G,C)</span></p>
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37

RNA

controls protein synthesis in ribosomes
- single strand and ribose sugar

<p><span>controls protein synthesis in ribosomes</span><br><span>- single strand and ribose sugar</span></p>
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38

adenine

2-ringed purine
- pairs with thymine (in DNA) and uracil (in RNA)
- forms two hydrogen bonds

<p><span>2-ringed purine</span><br><span>- pairs with thymine (in DNA) and uracil (in RNA)</span><br><span>- forms two hydrogen bonds</span></p>
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39

guanine

2-ringed purine
- pairs with cytosine
- forms three hydrogen bonds

<p><span>2-ringed purine</span><br><span>- pairs with cytosine</span><br><span>- forms three hydrogen bonds</span></p>
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40

cytosine

single-ringed pyrimidine
- pairs with guanine
- forms three hydrogen

<p><span>single-ringed pyrimidine</span><br><span>- pairs with guanine</span><br><span>- forms three hydrogen</span></p>
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41

thymine

single-ringed pyrimidine
- only found in DNA
- pairs with adenine
- forms two hydrogen bonds

<p><span>single-ringed pyrimidine</span><br><span>- only found in DNA</span><br><span>- pairs with adenine</span><br><span>- forms two hydrogen bonds</span></p>
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42

uracil

single-ringed pyrimidine
- only found in RNA
- pairs with adenine
- forms two hydrogen bonds

<p><span>single-ringed pyrimidine</span><br><span>- only found in RNA</span><br><span>- pairs with adenine</span><br><span>- forms two hydrogen bonds</span></p>
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43

phosphodiester bond

a covalent bond between the phosphate and sugar

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44

deoxyribose sugar

pentose sugar in DNA, but missing one oxygen in a hydroxyl group
- contains a 5` end and 3`end

<p><span>pentose sugar in DNA, but missing one oxygen in a hydroxyl group</span><br><span>- contains a 5` end and 3`end</span></p>
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45

ribose sugar

pentose sugar in RNA
- contains a 5` end and 3` end

<p><span>pentose sugar in RNA</span><br><span>- contains a 5` end and 3` end</span></p>
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46

5` end carbon

the fifth carbon in the pentose sugar that bonds to the phosphate group
- "free fosphate"

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47

3` end carbon

the third carbon in the pentose sugar that is a bonding site for another nucleotide's phosphate group
- "free three"

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