Learning (classical and operational con

Attention Economy

many different things compete for your attention

Psychoanalytic idea

you don’t choose what’s important to spend attention on but you can form habits and routines through disciplined effort

Behaviorism

the field of psychology that believes responses are either innate reflexes or products of conditioning

Classical Conditioning

learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli

operant conditioning

learning in which behaviors are strengthened/diminished by consequence

Unconditioned Stimulus

naturally and automatically triggers an unlearned response

unconditioned response

the unlearned, naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response

Acquisition

the initial stage of learning to associate two things

Extinction

the diminishing of a response

Spontaneous Recovery

The random reappearance of a response after extinction

Generalization

The tendency for similar stimuli to elicit a learned response

Biological Preparedness

organisms are naturally inclined to quickly learn associations between certain stimuli due to their evolutionary history

Habituation

growing perceptually accustomed to a situation or stimulus, which diminishes its effectiveness

Higher order learning

a form of classical conditioning in which a previously conditioned stimulus is used to produce further learning

operant conditioning

learning in which behaviors are strengthened/diminished by consequence

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Shaping

reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to the desired behavior

positive reinforcement

adding a desired stimulus

negative reinforcement

removing an undesired stimulus

positive punishment

adding an undesired stimulus

negative punishment

removing a desired stimulus

Primary reinforcers

concepts that are linked to biology like food or mates

Secondary reinforcers

concepts that are culturally created to be desirable

Learned helplessness

passive resignation that an organism learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

fixed ratio

reinforces a behavior only after a certain number of times that it occurs

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. typically used at the beginning of an operant conditioning process

variable ratio

reinforces a behavior after varying numbers of times the behavior occurs

fixed interval

reinforces behavior only after a certain amount of time has passed

variable interval

reinforces behavior after varying amount of time

behavior modification

a combination of reinforcement and punishment

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording feedback info regarding a subtle psychological state

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it