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Chemical reaction

A reaction that involves the creation of new substances

Conservation of mass

The scientific law that mass cannot be created or destroyed

Reactant

A substance that starts a chemical reaction

Product

A substance formed in a chemical reaction

Word equation

A representation of a chemical reaction using words

Physical change

A change in physical properties of a substance that doesn’t alter its chemical composition

Chemical change

A change that alters the chemical composition of a substance, resulting in new substances

Equation

A representation of a chemical reaction 

Electrolysis

A decomposition reaction using electricity

Endothermic

A reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat

Exothermic

A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat

Alkali

A base that is dissolved in water

Caustic

Able to burn or corrode through organic matter through chemical action

Concentration

The amount of a substance in a volume of solution

Corrosive

Highly reactive and destructive to another substance

Neutralise

To make something chemically neutral

pH

A measure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Indicator

A substance that changes hue based on how basic or acidic a substance is

Carbonate

A substance containing the elements carbon and hydrogen

Neutralisation reaction

A reaction involving an acid and a base to produce water and a salt

Strong acid

An acid that ionises completely in water

Weak acid

An acid that partially ionises in water

Ionises

The removal of electrons from ions or atoms

Metal carbonate

A compound containing metal, carbon and oxygen

Antacids

Calcium carbonates that release carbon dioxide by burping to neutralise stomach acid

Combustion

A reaction that involves burning in the presence of oxygen to release heat

Hydrocarbon

A compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon

Oxidation

A reaction taking place in the presence of oxygen

Soot

A black form of carbon formed by incomplete combustion

Transform

To change from one form to another

Complete combustion

A combustion reaction that occurs with adequate oxygen present

Incomplete combustion

A combustion reaction that occurs with inadequate oxygen present

Respiration

The chemical reaction occurs in cells to release energy

Alloy

A mixture of two or more metals

Degrade

To wear down a substance

Dissociate

To split apart into ions

Insoluble

Unable to be dissolved

Ionic compound

A compound made up of metal and non-metal ions

Precipitate

An insoluble product

Compound

A substance made up of two or more elements chemically bonded together 

Mixture

Two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and can be separated

Element

A pure substance

Passivating metal

A chemical treatment for metal that enhances its ability to resist corrosion

The nervous system:

A network of cells and fibres that transmit fast messages within the body 

Central nervous system

A network consisting of the brain and spinal cord that controls the body’s activities and functions

Spinal cord

Connects the brain and peripheral nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Carries messages to and from the CNS

Somatic nervous system

Controls voluntary muscles and transmits sensory information to the CNS - Voluntary

Autonomic nervous system

Controls involuntary bodily functions - Involuntary

Sympathetic nervous system

Prepares the body for stressful situations through arousal - Fight or flight 

Parasympathetic nervous system

Relaxes the body after stressful situations - Rest and digest

Axon terminals

1 - The end of the axon that releases neurotransmitters

Myelin sheath

2 - Covers the axon and works as insulation to keep electrical signals within the cell

Axon

3 - A nerve fibre that transfers electrical impulses signals from the cell body to the next neuron

Cell body

4 - Contains most of the cells organelles

Nucleus

5 - An organelle that contains the cell’s DNA

Dendrites

6 - Tree-like structures that receive electrical impulses from neighbouring neurons

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that trigger an electrical response in the neighbouring neuron

Sensory neuron

A nerve cell that carries sensory information to the central nervous system

Motor neuron

A nerve cell that carries signals from the CNS to the muscles to trigger voluntary movements

Interneuron

A nerve cell that connects other neurons with the CNS to process information between them

Cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

Cerebral cortex

The outermost layer of the brain

Cerebral hemispheres

The division of the left and right hemispheres

Longitudinal fissure

The groove that separates the hemispheres

Corpus callosum

The band of nerve tissue that connect the left and right hemispheres

Frontal lobe

The largest lobe in the cortex responsible for problem solving, judging, personality, emotions and organizing

Parietal lobe

The lobe that receives sensory information from the body and skin to perceive sensory sensations

Occipital lobe

The lobe that interprets visual information from outside the body

Temporal lobe

The lobe that processes auditory information

Hemispheric specialisation

The concept of the cerebral hemispheres having inverted functions

Cerebellum

Responsible for voluntary movements and motor skills like balance and posture

Brainstem

The part of the brain that connects the brain and spinal cord

Medulla oblongata

Responsible for autonomic functions and regulates all vital organs

Hypothalamus

Responsible for controlling emotions and motivated behaviours and regulates homeostasis

Thalamus

Filters information from all sensory receptor sites (except the nose) to send to the relevant area for processing

Sensory stimuli

Raw information detected from the five senses

Gland

A tissue in the body which secretes hormones 

Hormone

A chemical molecule that triggers cellular response

Homeostasis

The regulation of the body’s internal environment

Negative feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change to maintain a stable state 

Positive feedback

A type of regulation that amplifies or enhances the initial changet to achieve a specific outcome

Synapse

The space between two neurons where signals are transmitted

Receptors

Specialised cells and organs that detect change

Crust

Earth’s hard thin outer layer

Mantle

Earth's middle layer

Outer core

Central liquid nickel and iron layer

Inner core

Central solid nickel and iron layer

Lithosphere

Earth’s rigid outer layer divided into 15 plates

Asthenosphere

Thin zone of mantle beneath the lithosphere

Continental drift

The movement of continents

Tectonic plate

A section of Earth's lithosphere

Mid-ocean ridge

A long chain of mountains below the ocean

Rift valley

A valley formed when a continent is being pulled apart

Subduction

When a plate submerges beneath another

Convergent boundary

When two plates move towards each other - →←

Divergent boundary

When two plates move away from each other - ←→

Transform boundary

When two plates slide past each other - ↑↓

Fault

A break in the Earth’s surface 

Fold mountain

A mountain formed by the folding of continental crust