Anatomy Exam 1 Cells, Tiusses, and the Integument

Connective Tissue

The dermis is composed of what type of tissue

D. Keratin

Which of the following is NOT associated with the dermis
A. Blood Vessels
B. Collagen
C. Elastin
D. Keratin

Dendritic cells

Which cells in the epidermis are key activators of the immune system

b. Keratin

All of the following contribute to skin color EXCPERT
a. Hemoglobin
b. Carotene
c. Keratin
D. Melanin

Basale

In which layer of the epidermis would you expect to find the healthiest cells

Arrector Pili

The smooth muscle associated with a hair follicle is called

Eccrine

The sweat glands that are important in body temperature regulation are the ___ glands

D. Pallor

All of the following are associated with hair
EXCEPT _________.
a. erythema
b. cyanosis
c. ecchymosis
d. pallor

Papillae

Peglike folds of the superficial layer of the dermis are called dermal ________.

Basal cell carcinoma

The most common type of skin cancer is

Papillary layer

This layer of the skin is responsible for our fingerprints

Superior

The nose is ___ to the lips

Homeostasis

During exercise, the body cools itself by sweating. Sweating in response to an elevated body temperature is an example of what process?

Midsagittal

The ___ plane divides the body into equal right and left halves

Frontal

If a person had a toe amputated, the surgeon would make a ___ cut to amputate the toe

Parietal

The layer of a serous membrane that lines the
body cavity is the ______ layer.

Cytoplasm

The intracellular fluid packed with the organelles of a cell is called ____

Smooth Muscle

Which of the following is NOT a connective
tissue?
a. Cartilage
b. Blood
c. Bone
d. Smooth muscle

Pinocytosis

Which of the following is NOT an example of
passive transport?
a. Diffusion
b. Facilitated diffusion
c. Pinocytosis
d. Osmosis

It moves against the concentration gradient

How is active transport different from facilitated diffusion

Gap junctions

Cell junctions that are important in cell communication are ___

Phospholipids and proteins

The cell membrane is composed mostly of ___

Water

Which of the following is NOT considered an
organic compound?
a. Nucleic acids
b. Water
c. Carbohydrates
d. Proteins

Epithelial

Chemotherapy destroys cells in mitosis. Which
type of tissue would be most affected by
chemotherapy?

Nerve Cells

What type of tissue stops "growing" through cell division while still in utero

epithelium and blood-forming tissues

what two tissues continue to grow as a result of mitosis throughout life

occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause

what is the inflammatory response

Bone marrow, fat

Since most adult cells have been differentiated, adult cells typically grow through ___ or ___

Cells injured are replaced by same cellsFibrosis_ Connective tissue replaces parenchyma, tissue

Identify and define two methods in which tissues can repair themselves when damaged

1. The type of tissue damage
2. The severity of the injury

What factors determine which method in which a tissue will use to repair itself

1. inflammation: trauma injures tissue cells and clotting seals off the injured area
2. Organization restores blood supply: clot is replaced by in growth of fragile capillaries
3. Regeneration and fibrosis affect permanent repair: the fibrosis area matures and continues, pulling wound together , scar tissue appears

Identify and briefly describe the steps that take place during tissue repair

Epithelial tissue and connective tissue

Tissues that regenerate easily

Muscle (skeletal) and nervous

tissue types that regenerate poorly

Cardiac muscle and nervous

Tissue types that are replaced largely with scar tissue

Collagen

Scar tissue is composed mainly of

Its strong but lacks the flexibility, and elasticity of normal tissues and cannot perform functions of tissue replaced

What characteristics of scar tissue hinder its function

May hinder or block substances from moving through a hollow organ

What are some concerns regarding scar tissue if it develops in certain organs

Structural unit of all living things

What is a cell

1) connect body Parts, form linings, or transport gases
2.) cells that move organs and body parts
3) stores nutrients
4.) Fights disease
5.)Fights diseases
6.) reproduction of cells

List 6 different functions of cells

A cell's shape reflects its function
Ex. Flat: barrier that protects underlying tissue from bacteria

Give an example of how cell shape aids its function

1. identification
2. communication
3. regulate solute exchange in membrane
4. Isolation of the cytoplasm from external environment

What is the purpose of the plasma membrane

Lipids and Membranes

What is the plasma membrane made of

hydrophilic - lie on both the inner outer surfaces of the membrane hydrophobic line up in the center of the membrane

What is the function of a phospholipid

wedges its platelike hydrocarbon rings between the phospholipid fails, which membrane

What is the function of cholesteral

firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer

Where is internal proteins

attach loosely to integral protein of have a hydrophotole region that anchors them into the membrane

What is the function of Peripheral proteins

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

what are the 4 types of tissues

Avascular sheet of cells that covers body surfaces or cavities

What does epithelial tissue do

Covering and lining epithelia(skin), Granular epithelia (salivary glands)

2 main forms of epithelial tissue

Abundant on transport cells, dramatically increase surface area

What is the function of microvilli

Intestinal lining, kidneys

Where can microvilli be found

Move fluid along surface Found in trachea, oviduct

What does Cilia do and where is it found

Simple

Single layer of cells

Stratified

2 or more layers of cells

Squamous

Flat, scale-like

Cuboidal

Box-like

Columnar

Tall, rectangular-shape

Simple squamous

single layer of flat, disc-like cells flattened nuclei surface for filtration and diffusion located in: air sacs of lung, glomeruli, blood vessel/capillary lumens, body cavity linings

Simple Cuboidal

Single layer of cube-like cells large, round nuclei responsible for secretion and absorption located in: ducts and glands, kidney tubules, ovary, thyroid

Simple Columnar

single layer of tall, rectangular cells elongated nuclei microvilli (absorption) and cilia (propulsion) common on apical surface function in absorption (digestive tract) and secretion (mucous, reproduction) located in: digestive tract lining, respiratory tract

Stratified Squamous

multiple layers of squamous cells on a basement membrane surface cells are dead, flat, and keratinized basal cells are cube-shaped and mitotically active form protection against abrasion and damage for tissue underneath located in: skin, lining of esophagus, lining of vagina, lining of mouth

Transitional

Appears to be stratified squamous or cuboidal Basal cells are cuboidal Surface cells are rounded/squamous Stretch permitted, enabling storage of urine located in: ureter, bladder, urethra

Endocrine

Secrete hormones into local capillaries Exocrine = Secrete their product into a duct

Merocrine

Product secreted directly through plasma membrane by exocytosis

Apocrine

Product secreted by pinching off membrane, loss of cytoplasm

Connective tissue proper

Loose (Fibers create loose, open framework) & Dense (Fibers densely packed)

Osteoblasts/cytes

Bone fiber

FIbroblast/cytes

Connective tissue proper fibers

Abundant, cross-linked fibrils, rope-like, resist tension

What is collagen (looks)

Protection, structural support energy, storage, insulation transporting substances

Characteristics of connective tissues

Areolar

Loosely packed assembly of all fiber types, fibroblasts and immune cells, cushions organs, key immune mediators located in: support under epithelial layers and surrounding organs

Adipose

matrix crowded by tightly-packed adipocytes, serves to insulate and protect organs, provides energy storage depot located in: around major organs, within subcutaneous layer (under dermis)

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

3 types of muscular tissue

Skeletal Muscle

controlled by voluntary nervous system, moves and stabilizes the skeleton, contains elongated cells (fibers held together by loose connective tissue, contains many nuclei, possesses microscopic striations)

Cardiac Muscle

only in heart, short/branched fibers, single nucleus, striated, involuntary contraction

Smooth Muscle

short/tapering cells, no striation, involuntary contraction changes diameter of vessels/chambers (blood vessels, urinary bladder, digestive organs, uterus)

Nervous tissue

Conduct electrical impulses, transfer process and store information, comprised of neurons and glial cells

Receive sensory information and carry it to the brain, transmit motor impulses from brain to effector organs, form synapses with one another

What do neurons do

provide structural support, protection and nourishment for neurons in the brain and spinal cord

What do Glial Cells do

Brain, spinal cord, cranial, and peripheral nerves

Locations of nervous tissue

Protection, sensation, vitamin D, production, immunity, body temperature, excretion

Functions of the integumentary system

Keratinocytes and Melanocytes

Cell types of the epidermis

Keratinocytes

Main cell type of epidermis, produce keratin intermediate filaments, and provide structure to skin, hair, and nails

Melanocytes

Produce pigments, protects from harmful UV rays

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum Basale

Layers of the epidermis (5 of them)

stratum corneum

15-30 layers of dead keratinocytes, lipid coating forms water-resistant layer

stratum lucidum

Layer of dead keratinocytes, only in thick skin, Contains translucent protein eleidin

stratum granulosum

3-5 rows of keratinocytes, large amounts of keratohyalin are produced

Stratum Spinosum

8-10 rows of keratinocytes, accumulation of keratohyalin, lamellar bodies

Stratum Basale

Single layer of newly-produced cuboidal cells, contains melanocytes and epidermal ridges, also called the basement layer

Protection, skin color, protect from UV rays, sensory reception, vitamin D production

Functions of the epidermis

Papillary layer and reticular layer

Layers of the epidermis

Papillary layer

loose connective tissue made up of fine collagen and elastic fibers, associates with epidermis through dermal papillae and epidermal ridges, contains blood/lymphatic vessels and nerves that supply the epidermis, functions: support epidermis, regulate body temperature

Reticular Layer

densely-packed collagen fibers with some elastic fibers interspersed, toughest layer of skin, thick collagen bundles produce cleavage lines, contains blood vessels, nerves and other accessory structures

Supports epidermis, Senses touch, pressure and vibration, Regulates blood flow to skin

Functions of the dermis

Provides oxygen and nutrients, maintains fluid balance

How is the epidermis supported in the dermis

Hypodermis

deepest part of the integumentary system, Classified as 'subcutaneous' layer, Connects skin to underlying tissue, Serves as energy reserve, Contains larger blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin

Epidermal Layers invaginate into the dermis

Hair Follicles

Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma

3 types of skin cancer

Basal Cell Carcinoma

most common, least malignant, Originating in stratum basale, Stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis, Cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases