Prof Comm -- 351

Ethics

a person's sense of right or wrong

Communication

the process of sending and receiving messages

Sender

person who transmits a message

Message

that which is sent or said

Receiver

person who intercepts a message then decodes it

Feedback

reaction that the receiver gives to a message offered by the sender

Communication barrier

reaction that the receiver gives to a message offered by the sender

Types of communication barriers

Attitudinal, environmental, cultural, social, educational

Written communication

any communication that must be read

Oral/verbal communication

communication that is primarily spoken

Nonverbal communication

facial expressions or body movements used to express attitudes or moods about a person, situation, or idea

Symbol

anything that stands for an idea and is used for communication

Value Structure Foundation

1. working to be a good person
2. communicating constructively
3. caring about your audience

intrapersonal communication

inner dialogue conducted w/ oneself to assess thoughts, feelings, reactions

interpersonal communication

communication that takes place any time messages are transmitted b/w 2+ ppl

Oratory/rhetoric

art or study of public speaking

Orator

person who delivers oratory and uses words effectively

Logical appeal

use of sequence, analysis, organization, and evidence to prove a point and persuade

Emotional appeal

a persuasive technique that involves "striking an emotional chord"; speaker uses issues/values to win audience's favor

Ethical/personal appeal

a persuasive quality based on the speaker's natural honestly, sincerity, and commitment to what is right and good

Dialogue

conversations between actors, two persons, or groups; respect between both speaker and reciever

Motivation

inner drive, need, or impulse that causes a person to act; 2 internal forces

Stereotyping

labeling every person in a group based on a preconceived idea as to what that group represents

Confidence

feeling of belief in oneself and one's ability to control a specific situation

Communication apprehension

being afraid to speak in public situations

Fear

biological process by which animals secure the necessary energy to do a job that matters

Phobia

persistent, irrational fear that causes a person to avoid specific situations

Performance anxiety

specific stage fright, often associated w/ musicians, actors, and entertainers

Stage fright

the nervousness felt by a speaker or performer in front of an audience

Perception

how one sees things

Self esteem

Value one feels for oneself

Planks of CONFIDENCE

Content, organization, notes, friendliness, impression, dedication, empathy, newness, conviction, enthusiasm

Common ground

shared goal/interest

Content

information/topics presented and their substance, meaning, and significance

Organization

outline that enables the you + audience to follow along easily in a speech

Notes

listing of ideas in brief outlined form

Friendliness

warm, congenial attitude

Impression

how the audience perceives the speaker based on the way he presents himself and his ideas

Dedication

a willing desire to practice and be committed to one's speech

Empathy

sincere understanding of the feelings, thoughts, and motives of others; don't take things personally

Newness

an original/unique approach to a topic

Conviction

strong belief in one's message + determined to convey message to audience; believe in what you say

Enthusiasm

the energy, both intellectual and physical, a speaker transmits to inspire an audience

Leadership

an ability to motivate and unite others to work together to accomplish a specific task

Leader

a person who effectively uses leadership skills

Technocrat

logic over emotions

Artist

leads by imagination and intuition

Craftsman

leads by common sense and integrity

Learning styles

discussion, logic, design, emotion

Planks of leadership

1. Sense of vision
2. Willing to act
3. Makes good decisions
4. Can handle conflict
5. Avoid pitfalls
6. Knows how to communicate

Vision

ability to see more than the obvious; to look beyond and ahead for answers/possibilities

Conflict management

ability to turn a potentially negative situation into a positive one

Passive listening

a listening role in which the listener does not share in the responsibility, nor involve himself in the communication process

Active listening

a listening role in which the listener participates and shares in the communication process by guiding the speaker toward common interests

Listening spare time

thinking time created by the ability to listen faster than people can speak

EARS

Explore

Analyze

Review

Search

Appreciative listening

listening style used to enjoy and savor pleasurable sounds like music or nature

Discriminative listening

listening style used to single out one particular sound from a noisy environment

Empathic listening

listening style encouraging people to talk freely w/o fear of embarrassment

Critical listening

listening style used to evaluate and analyze a message for logic and value

Filter

to use emotional barriers to absorb info selectively

Door opener

a phrase used by the listener t invite and encourage the speaker to continue

Paraphrase

to repeat in one's own words; use to check accuracy w/ main pts

Summarize

to cover the main points in a compact manner w/o wasted words

Nonverbal message

facial expressions + body language used to convey messages but not spoken

Body language

the way one uses his/her body to send messages; win over verbal

Positive body language

directed towards others

Negative body language

proximal, directed towards self, less reliable

Tone of voice

the pitch and timbre of a person's voice

Gesture

use of hands, limbs or the body to send a message

Universal gesture

smile

Personal space

a comfort zone each person maintains around themselves where intrusions would be unwelcome

Intimate distance

distance used for confidential exchanges, almost always with close friends (1.5 feet)

Personal distance

distance comfortable for conversation between friends (1.5 ft to 4 ft)

Social distance

distance maintained between people in social and business exchanges (4 ft to 12 ft)

Public distance

distance maintained between strangers (12 ft+)

Eye contact

device speakers use whereby they look directly into listener's eyes to emphasize a point or show how strongly they feel about something

Discussion

cooperative exchange of information, opinions, and ideas

Panel

a relatively informal discussion that takes place before an audience

Forum

follows panel discussion; panel invites audience's questions/comments

Round table

special type of pane discussion; used in business and industry; group of 3-8 people talk about a common concern

Symposium

more formal; present opposing points of view; experts give short speeches on subject; audience ask questions/comments after all speeches have been heard

Town hall meeting

dates back to American colonies; assemble in hall to discuss issues; vote taken after discussion

Cohesion

pulling in the same direction; share respect, values, look for support

Factors for success

Group size, seating arrangements, cohesion

Pattern of problem solving/system for discussion

1. Define the problem
2. Establish criteria for a workable solution
3. Analyze the problem
4. Suggest possible solutions
5. Evaluate each solution -- select the best one
6. Suggest ways to test/carry out the solution

Criteria

set of standards that a solution must meet

Brainstorming

propose as many solutions as possible; every idea welcome

Constructive conflict

members use their differences to discover best ideas, not score points against one another

Disruptive conflict

destroy a group by dividing them into competing sides that don't compromise

Participant's contribution to a discussion

1. Be clear and simple
2. Encourage members to react to ideas
3. Be interesting
4. Offer reasons for wha tyou say
5. Think before speaking

Leader's contribution to a discussion

1. Know how to run discussion
2. Know people in group
3. Know issues group will discuss

Moderator

leader of a group; get discussion started, keep it moving, and close it

Question of fact

ask group members to recall information that touches on business at hand

Questions of interpretation

ask them to give their opinions on what the information means

Questions of evaluation

ask members to agree or disagree with possible solutions + make value judgments

Consensus

nearly unanimous agreement

Groupthink

to give up own beliefs to go along with group desire

Social communication

communication that occurs in your person or community life

Professional communication

communication that takes place on the job