animal science exam 1

animal science major options

• equine and production animal science

• laboratory animal science

• pre-vet medicine and research

• companion animal science

animal science faculty

• research

• extension

• teaching

  • first year advisors

morrill act (1862)

federal land made to each state to establish colleges

hatch act (1887)

agricultural experiment stations at college, scientific research in agriculture and engineering

smith level act (1914)

• established the cooperative extension service

• extension offices are located in every county

second morrill act (1890)

land grant status to 20 hbcus

elementary & secondary education reauthorization act (1994)

land grant status to 30 native american colleges

what makes land grant universities special?

• non-formal or continuing education through extension programs

• research undertaken by experiment stations and other university centers

what are animal products used for?

clothing, food , service and/or work

three types of animal product

eggs, meat, milk and dairy products

avian flu

• very contagious (saliva, feces, nasal secretions)

• highly pathogenic virus outbreaks reported in commercial poultry flocks in 21 U.S. states

eggs

• main source chickens

• leghorns (300 eggs daily)

• top states: iowa, ohio, pennsylvania, california, indiana

• brown egg = white egg

common meats

turkey, chicken, pork, beef, lamb, fish

less common meats

rabbit, reptile, whale, rodent

poultry

• chicken & turkey (non-ruminants)

• 1920 = chicken is luxury

• 1940 = breed for meat

• 1950/60s = vertical integration

vertical integration

a single company involved in every process, stabilizing the rapidly changing relationships between inputs, production, and marketing segments

vertical integration for the poultry industry means...

• fewer worker hours

• reduction in the amount of feed

• better health programs for the welfare of birds

• being able to go to the market at any time of the year

pork

• produced both sides of mississippi river

• industry is undergoing vertical integration

• pigs are nonruminants

• pigs grow rapidly

• 6 months from birth to the packing plant

beef

• - west of the mississippi river

• "scattered" industry

• ruminants: time grazing pasture

• relatively long gestation time•

• beef industry = cow/calf operations, stocker/yearling, feedlots (finishing), packing plant

lamb/mutton

• west of mississippi river

• ruminants

• industry is shrinking

incentives for vertical integration

• beef (not much)

• pork (moderate, improving)

• poultry (very high)

• why? value-added retail products, name brands, new product marketing

milk and dairy products

fluid milk, butter, fermented products, frozen products

dairy: class 1

• fluid products (milk, cream, half and half)

• must be grade A

dairy: class 2

• manufactured products (cheese, butter, yogurt)

• only grade B used

milk composition

• 88% water

• 4.8% lactose

• 3.3% protein

• 3.8% fat

• 0.1% ash (minerals)

animal clothing/fiber

• leather

• wool

• mohair

• cashmere

• feathers

• silk

animal service/work/other

• moving power

• companionship

• seeing eye/assistance

• search and research

• fertilizer/energy

• pharmaceuticals

• general enjoyment of nature

what is agritourism?

• establishing farms as travel destinations for educational and recreational purposes

• farming-related experiences enjoyed on a farm or other agricultural setting for entertainment or educational purposes

examples of agritourism

• on-farm sales of agricultural products (direct to consumer)

• education tourism

• entertainment

• accommodations

• outdoor recreation

agritourism enterprise types

• supplementary enterprise: agritourism as a minor activity

• complementary enterprise: agritourism = to other enterprises in farm's product

• primary enterprise: agritourism is dominant activity'

agritourism: farmer perspective

• generate new income

• keep land in family

• interest/hobby

• community relations

agritourism: visitor perspective

• connection to culture

• family friendly

• support agriculture

• access to fresh products

agritourism: economic

• encourages visitation

• jobs, personal income, tax revenue

• community events & attractions

which animal species is generally not covered in any of the options in the Animal Science major?

vicuna

what shapes the behavior of an animal?

• selection (natural)

• random drift

• mutation

• gene flow between populations

animal fitness

• did animal survive? locates food, shelter, avoids predation

• how many offspring did animal have? locates mates, reproduce, care for young

• animals with high fitness pass on more genetic material to next generation

domestic animal

forces of evolution + selection (natural, artificial, relaxed)

domestication

• a process whereby populations of animals change genetically and phenotypically (behavioral & physiological)

• driven by selection pressure based on human-desired traits

• an evolutionary process driven by selection pressures(natural, artificial, unintentional)

changes seen in domestication

• losses in domestication

• cognitive mechanisms

• neoteny

• size and coat color differences

breeds

• continue to use artificial selection until characteristics are fixed

• still same species, but look vastly different

domesticated v. tame

• domesticated= permanent genetic modification that can lead to predisposition to associating with humans (applies to whole species)

• tame = conditioned behavioral modification at the individual animal level

• a domesticated animal can be "un-tame" & a wild animal can be "tame"

feralization

• animals no longer subjected to artificial selection and natural selection pressures become more intense

• domestication in reverse

why domesticate animals?

• economic

• food and fiber production

• control of another species

• protection

• war

• scientific research

what impacts animal science?

• knowledge about animal

• public perception

animal rights

all animals have comparable rights and each individual's desires should be respected equally

human dominion

animals were put on this earth for us to use in whatever possible way they can benefit us the most and in the least expensive way possible

animal welfare

• using animals for the greater human good, but we have an obligation to provide for the majority of their physiological and behavioral needs

• most countries now have laws and regulations about minimum animal welfare we must consider and provide

• mix of science and ethics

how do we measure animal welfare?

• health

• production

• physiology

• behavior

• mental health

feeling based approach

• negative feelings (pain, suffering, distress, fear, hunger, thirst)

• positive feelings (comfort, pleasure, etc.)

biological functioning based approach

• physiological measures

• if an animal is physically healthy and is producing well - does that automatically mean that it has good welfare?

animal's nature based approach

• how well are we accommodating the animal's natural behavior?•

• how many behaviors in its natural repertoire can it still performs

• is it allowed to perform behaviors that it is strongly motivated to perform?

measures of poor welfare

• reduced life expectancy

• reduced ability to grow or breed

• body damage

• disease

• immunosuppression

• coping behaviors

measures of good welfare

• variety of normal behaviors shown

• physiological indicators of pleasure/contentment

• behavioral indicators of pleasure/contentment

using animal behavior to evaluate welfare

• requires knowledge of animal behavior

• is the animal showing agonistic behavior

• recognize fear behavior in animals

• is the animal cautious or naïve or fearful

• is the animal showing frustrated or boredom behaviors?

five freedoms

• freedom from hunger or thirst

• freedom from discomfort

• freedom from pain, injury, or disease

• freedom to express normal behavior

• freedom from fear and distress

welfare auditor

official organizations that inspect animal facilities

types of auditing measures

• outcome-based measure (OBM): information collected directly from the animal

• management-based measure (MBM): information collected from records or personnel or directly observing human behavior

• resource-based measure (RBM): Information collected from the animal's environment

animal welfare act (1966)

• law administered by USDA

• applies to research facilities, animal dealers, and exhibitors

health research extension act (1985)

• provide guidelines for humane use of research animals

• applies to all animal research institutions receiving federal public health service funding

rutgers animal welfare policy

establishes an assurance for the humane care and ethical use of vertebrate animals in research and compliance with federal regulation

ways to get hurt when working with animals

• injuries

• hazardous agent exposure

• allergen exposure

• disease exposure

animal induced physical injuries

• bites and scratches

• kicks and butts

• trampling

• back injury

• knee injury

equipment injuries

• farm machinery

• enclosed spaces

• industrial machinery

other injuries when dealing with animals

• slips and falls

• burns

• poison ivy

• sunburn

• puncture/cut wounds

exposure to hazardous agents

• chemicals

• biological agents

• radiation

allergies

• very common among lab animal workers

• can develop over time

• exposure routes: inhalation and direct contact

• acute episodes

• continue exposure = chronic changes

• desensitization

• medical history

infectious disease

a disease caused by a biological agent.(not all are contagious)

contagious disease

any infectious disease that can be transmitted between hosts

zoonotic disease

an infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans or humans to animals

causes of diseases

• biological agents: bacterial, fungal, parasitic, viral

• methods of exposure:

  • direct contact - body fluids/feces

  • indirect contact - environmental

  • vector - borne - insects

  • foodborne - contaminated food)

  • waterborne - contaminated water

q-fever

• prevention: wear PPE, educate people at risk, pasteurize milk, exclude public access to barns during birthing season

• treatment = antibiotics

• protection: N95 or PAPR, face shield with safety glasses, glove with sleeves, disposable outerwear

leptospirosis

• infectious, zoonotic

• found in standing water

• wild mice and rats = host

• spread through infected urine to mucus membranes/open wounds/ingestion

• treatment = antibiotics/supportive care

• signs: muscle aches, jaundice, excessive urination/drinking, vomiting

toxoplasmosis

• fetal birth defects from intrauterine infection

• transmission: ingestion, in utero

• prevention (cats): prevent hunting, cooked cat food

• prevention (for humans): avoid cat litter, cook all meat thoroughly

• in utero transmission: previously uninfected cat that acquires toxo is infectious for only 2 weeks (hunting, raw food)

• a previously uninfected woman must be exposed to infectious cat feces for the first time early in pregnancy

giardia

• tiny parasite found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces from infected people or animals

• transmission = ingestion

• symptoms: diarrhea, greasy floating poop, GAS, upset stomach

• treatable

• prevention = good sanitization

seoul virus

• outbreak in Wisconsin and Illinois

• pet rats and people exposed to rat-breeding facilities

• hantavirus family

• fever, headache, back pain, chills, nausesa

• transmission: from infected rats to people, feces, saliva, or urine, exposure to dust from nests or bedding

orf

• - "sore moth" in lambs and goat kids (shed virus from lesions)

• transmission = direct contact

• lesions: blister, scabs, secondary bacterial infected

• prevention: gloves, wash hands, keep young lambs away from the public

rabies

• infectious, contagious, zoonotic

• source: wild and domestic animals

• route of infection: mostly animal bites

• symptoms: non specific, often unrecognized early (insomnia, fever, confusion, slight paralysis, agitation...)

• prevention: dog vaccination, dog licensing, animal control, vaccination of at-risk population

• treatment: immediate wound treatment, post exposure vaccination

• canine rabies virus variant has been eliminated in US

what can you do to protect yourself when working with animals?

• be calm, move slowly and avoid loud noises

• avoid the legs of large animal

• approach large animals from the shoulder

• avoid working in close spaces

• have an escape route

• keep your eyes on the animals

• don't turn your back on them

• wear proper work clothing and PPE (coveralls, lab coat, scrubs)

• closed hard toed work shoes / boots

• no loose hair, clothing or jewelry

• report sick animals

• do not exposure others to animals

protection: hygienic

• no eating, drinking, smoking, applying makeup in animal areas

• wash your hands with soap and water

• don't wear work/farm clothing home

• keep vaccination current

new jersey law concerning sanitation

• commercial farms offering farm-based recreational activities to provide hand-sanitizing facilities for visitors

• must have running water with soap, hand wipes, waterless hand sanitizers

• visitors shall be advised to sanitize their hands after contact with agricultural animals

working safely: what does rutgers do?

• animal health

• separation of animal areas from people areas

• pest control

• student health services & occupational health services

• safety programs

working with animals: predisposing medical conditions of concern

• cancer

• immune disorders

• tuberculosis

• pregnancy

• heart disease (active or pas)

• history of heart surgery

• splenectomy

• alcoholism

• pre existing Allergies

working with animals: consequences of medical disorder

• work with animals under observation

• avoid certain space

• postpone animal work (pregnancy)

• stop animal work

what is the natural preferred behavior of a cat?

climbing

stereotypical behavior

abnormal, repetitive behavior noted in an animal

examples of successful domesticated animals

goats, sheep, chickens, cattle

how does the plague most commonly spread?

cats

what is nutrition?

• what an animal needs to eat

• what an animal is fed

• what the animal does with its feed

what are some factors that affect nutrition?

• stress

• environment

• breed

• food availability

• genetics

• sex

• geographical location

what is a nutrient?

a nutritious substance; food or other component

water

• single most important nutrient

• cheapest, most abundant nutrient

• increase intake when: hot temperature, exercising, lactating, large forage diet

• necessary for multiple functions: lubrication, body temperature regulation, chief constituent of body composition, transport medium, blood, lymph, urine, sweat, and chemical reactions

• sources of water: free drinking water, water on feed, water in feed, metabolic water

• signs of dehydration: dry membranes, capillary refill time and skin pinch test

• possible causes of water deficiency: no water source, low water palatability, low water accessibility (frozen or receiving electrical current), illness

carbohydrates

• simple: all contain C, H,O and glucose is the main building block

• complex: starch (string of many glucose), cellulose and hemicellulose, lignin, gums and pectins

• CHO is the main energy source in most feedstuffs

• Some CHO's are more digestible than others

• Fiber is also a CHO and used to keep the gut healthy

lipids

• Fats: solid at room temperature (saturated), one double bond on the oxygen

• oils: liquid at room temperature (unsaturated), many double bonds

• Helps with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

• horses lack a gallbladder so cannot digest high amounts of fat

• Fat deficiency: dry and dull hair coat, scaly skin with infections, hair loss, decreased uptake of fat-soluble vitamins (corresponding vitamin deficiencies)

energy value

• carbohydrates: 4.0 kcal/g

• proteins: 4.0 kcal/g

• fats: 9.0 kcal/g (2.25 times greater)

protein

• made of amino acids

• most expensive

• provides amino acids, used to increase muscle mass, important for lactating mares and young rowing foals, provides some energy

• dietary essential amino acids: phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine leucine, lysine (PVT TIM HALL)

• all amino acids need to be up to maximum value (100%) to ensure the rest do not go to waste

• sources of protein for animals: soybean meal and alfalfa

• protein deficiency signs: reduced growth, weight loss, reduced milk production and performance, rough or coarse hair

• excess protein: increased water intake & increased urination

vitamins

• organic nutrient (essential in very small quantities)

• fat-soluble: A, D, E,K

• water-soluble: B, C

• most vitamins found in greens except for vitamin D which is obtained by sunlight

minerals

• inorganic nutrients (essential in very small quantities)

• needed for maintenance of body structure, fluid balance, nerve conduction, muscle contraction

• ca : P is needed in specific ratio

protein supplements

• high energy & high protein, high cost

• examples: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn gluten meal, fish meal, dried skin milk, urea, ammonia (non-protein nitrogen sources)

mineral and vitamin supplements

• supplementation levels varies

• minerals: salt, dicalcium phosphate, limestone, trace mineral premix

• vitamins: fat-soluble (liver meal, fish oil), water-soluble (purified/crystalline)

gastrointestinal anatomy

• evolved to maximize digestion and absorption of particular feeds (types of diets, types of stomach)

• physical specializations (macro: compartment, teeth, micro: absorptive surface)

• chemical properties (types of enzymes produced, pH)