GEOL 105 Final (Schubert Exam 4)

Breakage along a smooth plane is called:

Cleavage

A hot spot:

Is stationary, but the plate may move above it

Carbonate minerals contain:

Carbonate (CO3)^2-

Cooling lava solidifies into:

Volcanic/extrusive igneous rocks

Paleomagnetism is:

The remnant magnetism in ancient rocks

A felsic rock with a phaneritic texture is called:

Granite

A modern example of a divergent boundary can be found in:

East Africa

Bowen's reaction series describes:

The sequence of mineral crystallization in a cooling magma

Earth's crust (by weight) is made of mostly:

Oxygen and silicon

A mafic extrusive igneous rock is called:

Basalt

Earth's magnetic field has changed direction multiple times in Earth history:

True

Ferromagnesian silicate minerals contain:

Iron and magnesium

Bodies of igneous rock which have intruded in country rock or have formed in place far beneath the surface are called:

Plutons

Luster can be characterized as either:

Metallic or nonmetallic

The primary constituent of magma is:

Silica (SiO2)

Cooling magma solidifies into:

Plutonic/intrusive igneous rocks

The discontinuous branch of Bowen's reaction series is composed of:

Ferromagnesian minerals

The most common mineral type on Earth is:

Silicate minerals

A plate moves 1,000 km in 100 million years. What is its average rate of movement?

10 km per million years

Pumice and scoria have a:

Vesicular texture

The primary gas coming out of a volcano is:

Water vapor

A pluton parallel to the rock layers (concordant) is called:

A Still

Seamounts are:

Extinct oceanic volcanoes

What is a visual quality of minerals that results from the way they absorb or transmit light?

Color

Sulfide minerals contain:

Sulfur plus a metallic element

The atomic number indicates:

The number of protons

Which of the following is a sulfate mineral?

CaSO4*2H2O (gypsum)

The Himalaya Mountains are located at a:

Continental-continental convergent plate boundary

Which of the following is a mineral?

Diamond

Isotopes are two or more atoms with:

The same atomic number, but different atomic masses

The irregular breakage of a mineral is called:

Fracture

The ratio of the weight of a mineral to an equal volume of water is called:

Specific Gravity

Which of the following has the steepest slope?

Continental Slope

The temperature at which iron-bearing minerals gain magnetism is called the:

Curie Point

Which of the following would have the greatest viscosity?

Relatively cool, silica-rich magma

Volcanic (extrusive) rocks have:

An aphanitic texture

What drives plate tectonics?

Slab pull and/or ridge push

Which of the following is true of the mineral calcite?

- It can show double refraction
- It reacts with hydrochloric acid
- It is an evaporate mineral

The oldest oceanic crust is:

Far from spreading centers

Which is greater?

The amount of anthropogenic CO2 emitted in the year 2010

Shield volcanoes:

Are largely composed of basalt

Oxygen-18 has an atomic number of 8 and atomic mass of 18. How many neutrons does it contain?

10

Most of the world's volcanoes are found:

Around the Pacific Ocean

Which of the following pieces of legislation required a company to declare if the tin, gold, tantalum, or tungsten used was mined from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) or surrounding countries:

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

What differentiates ash from lapilli?

Fragment size

The chemical composition of a magma can change as a result of:

Magma mixing and/or crystal settling

A volcanic island arc forms at:

an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary

At constant temperatures, decreases in pressure or increases in water content can cause very hot rocks to:

Melt

Andesite is chemically equivalent to what intrusive igneous rock?

Diorite

In order to act out Bowen's Reaction Series during class time, students were given:

Colored Paper

Contact metamorphism results from:

High temperature and low pressure

Which of the following sedimentary structures indicate the environment dried out completely?

Mud Cracks

Differential pressure is:

A non uniform field of pressure

Discovery of 45 to 55 million year old fossil forests above the Arctic Circle provides evidence for:

Past changes in climate

Chemical weathering is greatest in environments that are:

Hot and wet

During metamorphism:

Rocks change composition and/or texture in the solid state

Which of the following affect soil formation?

All of the Above (Climate, Biota, Parent Material)

The study of earthquakes is called:

Seismology

Areas where sediment comes to rest are called:

Depositional environments

Decomposition of rocks and minerals by chemical alteration is called:

Chemical weathering

The largest volcano in the Solar System is:

Olympus Mons

Products of weathering may include

All of the Above (Soluble Salts, Ions in Solution, and Solid Particles)

Why was Mount St Helens so explosive when it erupted?

The magma had a high silica content

The Benioff zone marks the location of earthquakes on:

A subducting plate

S-waves are:

shear waves

P - waves are:

compressional waves

A mineral assemblage that formed under the same temperature

pressure conditions, and is typically named after its most characteristic rock or mineral is called a(n):

During physical weathering:

The parent material is mechanically broken into smaller pieces

An example of oxidation is:

Production of rust from iron bearing minerals

How many seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

3

A quantitative measurement of the amount of energy released from an earthquake is the:

Magnitude

Foliated and non

foliated textures describe:

The point where an earthquake's energy is released is called the:

Focus

Heat required for metamorphism may result from (SELECT ONLY ONE CHOICE):

All of the Above (Lava, Magma, Deep Burial)

Loose leaves and organic matter make up the:

O horizon

Minerals precipitated from solution by abiotic or biotic processes are called:

Chemical sediments

Which of the following are NOT metamorphic index minerals?

Quartz and feldspar

Organic debris from decayed organisms that is resistant to weathering and is an important plant nutrient is called:

Humus

Physical weathering:

Increases the surface area to volume ratio

Siltstone is:

A detrital sedimentary rock

Slate, phyllite, and schist are metamorphic rocks derived from:

Shale

Which of the following pyroclastic materials would have the smallest size?

Ash

When limestone undergoes metamorphism, is becomes:

Marble

The geothermal gradient represents:

The increase in temperature with increasing depth

The clasts in a conglomerate or sedimentary breccia are:

Gravel sized

The process in which sediment is converted into sedimentary rock is:

Lithifaction

Most of the world's earthquakes occur:

Around the Pacific Ocean

The subsoil, or zone of accumulation (deposition) is the:

B horizon

Soil layers are called:

Horizons

The removal of weathered materials from their place of origin (by running water or wind, for example) is called:

Erosion

Sort the following rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade:

Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

What curious phenomenon occurs at Racetrack Playa?

Rocks slide along a dry lake bed

Limestone is made of what mineral?

Calcite

Asbestos can be a health hazard because of its:

Fibrous form

The first seismic waves to be recorded on a seismogram are:

P waves

Which of the following are listed in order of increasing grain size (smallest to largest)?

Mud/clay, silt, sand, gravel

Fossils are used by geologists to (SELECT ONLY ONE CHOICE):

All of the Above (Correlate Strata, Date Rocks, and Interpret Depositional Environments)

Which of the following is a body wave that cannot travel through liquids?

S wave

A seismograph records:

An earthquake

A divergent boundary is where:

Two plates move away from each other