Patho exam 3

The cardinal signs of inflammation

rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, loss of function

Recognition and attachment of the leukocyte to the foreign matter, engulfment, and degradation or killing of the ingested matter.

Phagocytosis

Inflammatory mediators released by WBCs. Cause localized and systemic effects, they're signals that help the immune system to its job

Cytokines

Examples of cytokines

TNF alpha and interleukins

Facilitate WBC phagocytosis of microbes and other foreign material and assist in the analysis of the inflammation process occurring in the body

acute phase proteins

Substance that causes fever

pyrogen

examples of acute phase proteins

CRP, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, hepcidin

\__________ activate PGs, PGs reset the body's temperature

pyrogen

An area where macrophages have aggregates and are transformed into epithelial like or epithelial cells.
- Its the body's way of walling off the area of the infection and preventing it from spreading.

granuloma

pus

purulent exudate

Purulent exudate is made up of

proteins, dead WBCs

clear, watery, blister fluid

transudate

What does high bands in labs indicate?

Body is losing infection battle

What does a spike in c reactive proteins indicate?

acute inflammation

Protein that marks foreign material in the body for removal

CRP

Fever temperature minimum for treatment

102

What does high neutrophils indicate?

bacterial infection

What does high lymphocytes indicate?

viral infection

What does high monocyte/macrophage indicate?

chronic inflammation

What does high eosinophils and basophils indicate?

allergic reaction

Function of eosinophils

secrete histamine

What does high basophils indicate?

parasitic infection

What are bands?

immature WBC

What are SEGs?

mature full fledge cells

CRP is produced in response to:

cytokines

What acute phase protein hides apolipoproteins from HDL in trying to prevent plaques from forming?

Serum amyloid A

What acute phase protein hides iron from bacteria?

hepcidin

WBC first responders

neutrophils

Neutrophils are gradually replaced by:

monocytes

WBC second responders

monocytes

Neutrophil time frame

6-24

Monocyte time frame

24-48

After monocytes turn into macrophages, what WBC dominates?

lymphocytes

What are the benefits of fever?

increases efficiency of WBC

What condition can be caused by giving a child aspirin?

Reye's syndrome

Reyes syndrome significantly reduces:

liver function

Histamines are produced by:

basophils, platelets, and mast cells

Mast cells are made up of:

basophils and eosinophils

Histamine symptoms are:

allergy symptoms

possible outcomes of acute inflammation include:
- \_________ resolution
-Healing by \____________ tissue
(regeneration of normal cells that doesn't occur; excess proliferation of connective tissue forms fibrous scar tissue)
-\___________ \_________ inflammation

complete, connective, chronic persistent

The 4 phases of wound healing

hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation/granulation/angiogenesis,/epithelialization, contraction and remodeling

Wound with:
- Clear wound edges
-No missing tissue
- Simple epithelialization
- Day 5: granulation tissue
- End of Month 1-connective tissue covered by intact epidermis

primary intention

Wound with:
-extensive tissue loss
-generation with the same cell type isn't possible
-granulation and fibrotic tissue formation
-longer healing with wound contraction to close gap
(myofibroblasts, scarring)

second intention

Wound with:
- missing large amounts of deep tissue
-cleaned and left open
-temporary aching with sterile gauze
-prominent scarring, skin graft required often
-pressure ulcers and severe burns

tertiary intention

Factors that affect wound healing:
\________: positive nitrogen balance
\_________ flow and oxygen delivery
\__________ strength
\___________: number one biggest factor
\__________ bodies
\____________ factors

Nutrition, Blood, immune, infection, foreign, mechanical

hyperplastic epithelialization leads to a keloid/hypertrophic scar

keloid

inflexible shrinking of a wound and limits mobility

contractures

opening of a wounds suture line

dehiscence

opening of wound with extrusion of tissue and organs

evisceration

abnormal connection between two structures (connection between vagina and anus)--lined organs or vessels that normally do not connect

fistula

abnormal band of internal scar tissue that limits mobility

adhesions

the invasion, colonization, and multiplication of pathogens within the host

infection

specific microorganisms capable of causing infection

pathogen

human or animal that is invaded and colonized by a pathogen

human

indicates that a pathogen is living within the host, but does not mean infection

colonization

varying disease-producing potential

virulence

source of a pathogenic organism that may or may not be suffering from the disease caused by the pathogen

reservoir

living being that can carry the pathogenic organism from the reservoir to the host

vector

the study of disease distributions in human populations

Epidemiology

the number of new cases of infection within a population

incidence

the number of active ongoing cases of infection at any given time

prevalence

the incidence and prevalence are relatively stable

endemic

an abrupt increase in the incidence of disease within a geographic region

epidemic

a term used for global spread of specific disease

pandemic

organisms that that perform advantageous functions for the life of the host and reside in a specific niche in the human body→does not cause infection when they remain within their strict boundaries of their anatomical niche

normal flora

not naturally occurring in human body

pathogens

an individual's ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune system

immunocompetence

indicates that there is a defective immune system that is placing a person at risk for infections

immunosuppression

an infection caused by microorganism that flourished because of a host's deficient immune system

opportunistic

infections that originated in the clinical environment and may be difficult to treat because they are often caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

HAI infection

Ubiquitous(found everywhere), free-living microorganisms within the environment that can be either advantageous or harmful to the body.
- Normal flora in the oropharynx, GI tract, vaginal canal
- Categorized according to shape, aerobic capability, lab staining, cell wall structure
- single celled

bacteria

Microorganisms that depend on a host-cell's metabolic processes for their life cycle. They consist of a DNA or RNA genome surrounded by a protein coat.
- acellular
- EPV, Hep B, varicella zoster, HIV-1

viruses

Moldlike organisms that can live on human tissue and cause infectious disease. Diagnosed by the characteristic appearance of filamentous, or string-like, structures found on culture.
-candida albicans
-ringworm

fungi

Protozoa (malaria), helminths, and insects capable of causing infection.

parasites

Unique proteinaceous infectious agents that are capable of causing brain diseases in animals and humans.
-Mad Cow
-Creutzfeldt-Jakob

prions

Two primary levels of defense in the human body

innate and active

Innate immunity

non-specific, skin, stomach acid, mucous

Active immunity

b and t cells, memory, specificity

6 portals of entry for microorganisms

skin, respiratory, GI, GU, blood-blood transmission, maternal-fetal

most common point of entry for microorganisms

respiratory

5 stages of infection

incubation, prodromal ,acute, convalescent, resolution

Period of infection when microorganisms begin replication without identifiable symptoms.
-Short as 24 hours or 2-3 months

incubation

Period of infection where symptoms appear, often vague and general

prodromal

Period of infection where full infectious disease sign and symptoms are present and immune system is fully engaged

acute

Period of infection where the body is containing the infection and progressively eliminating the pathogen
-Days, weeks, or months

convalescent

Period of infection where the pathogen is eliminated from the body

resolution

Lab study:
-Positive blood culture would indicate:
-Negative blood culture would indicate:

harmful bacteria, no bacteria

Lab study: Gram staining/other staining is used to identify:

type of bacteria

Lab study:
-Biopsy and histological examination is used for:

fungal infections

Lab study:
-Serological testing is:

antibodies

Lab study:
- Inject with synthetic antibodies that bind to the antigen antibody complex in the infectious agent's surface and makes them more visible and quantifiable

direct antigen indentification

Lab study:
-Polymerase chain reaction:
-Reagant with the infectious specimen, inject and wait for a reaction

HIV testing

Lab study: measure of the percentage of different types of white blood cells present in the blood

WBC differential

Treatment for infections include:
-\_______________ -limiting
-\_______________ drugs
-\_______________ boosting agents
- surgical \_______________ of infected tissues

self, antimicrobial, immune, removal

Prevention of infections include:

vaccines

What are the three possible explanation for an increase in incidence or geographic range of an infectious agent?

new agent, recognition of infection in population that has gone undetected, established disease is learned to have infectious origin

What are two indicators of reemerging infections?

declined but now higher levels, development of drug resistance or breakdown of preventative measures

5 bacterial infections of GI

salmonella, shigella, e. coli, campylobacter jejuni, cholera

GI Infection: S. enterica(gastroenteritis), S. typhi(typhoid fever), contaminated food
-causes vomiting, diarrhea, possible bloody

salmonella

GI Infection: Several different strains
-causes severe blood diarrhea

shigella