HUSH semester

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Event at which *Colonel John Chivington* and his troops attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory; killed over 150 inhabitants, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

Unused previously seized land must be returned to tribal nation from which it was taken.

Battle of One Hundred Slain

In what whites called the Fetterman Massacre, the Sioux defeated the U.S. Army on the Bozeman Trail.

George Armstrong Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Crazy Horse

a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)

Sitting Bull

Sioux medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the battle of Little Bighorn

reservation

land set aside by the United States government for Native Americans

Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876

Battle at which *Colonel George Custer*'s forces clashed with nearly 4000 well-armed Sioux warriors led by *Crazy Horse* and *Sitting Bull*; Custer and more than 250 of his men were killed; U.S. reinforcements chased Sitting Bull to Canada where he received political asylum until hunger forced him to return.

Wounded Knee Massacre

In December 1890, Army troops captured some of Sitting Bull's followers and took them to a camp. 300 Sioux men, women, and children were killed

Americanization

Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens

Dawes Act of 1887

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possession, redivided it and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

Homestead Act of 1862

An act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains, then wheat, then massive irrigation projects

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Grange

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Alexander Bell

Invented the telephone? Probably did more idc???

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Interstate Commerce Act

1887

*Established the Interstate Commerce Commission in part to monitor discrimination within the railroad industry

*Prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates

*Also prohibited unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed the practice of charging more for short hauls than long hauls

*In general, the Act opened the competition, the goal of which was to preserve equality and spur innovation

Great Strike of 1877

Strike of the B&O railroad workers in which the rail lines stretching for about 50,000 miles were stopped for a week large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Monopoly

Complete control of a product or business by one person or group

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level Type of monopoly is where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Tenements

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.

Social Gospel

A movement led by Washington Gladden - that taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization. A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Immigrant Restriction League

An organization that proposed screening immigrants through literacy tests and other standards, to separate the desirables from the undesirables nativism plea to "keep America American", so they restricted the number of immigrants

How the Other Half Lives (1890)

book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements. Was very graphic and caused people to re-evaluate tenement houses

Haymarket Riot (1886)

Violet incident at a workers' rally held in Chicago's Haymarket Square; political radicals and labor leaders called the rally to support a strike at the nearby McCormick Reaper works. When police tried to break it up, a bomb was thrown into their midst, killing 8 and wounding 67 others. The incident hurt the Knights of Labor and Governor John Altgeld, who pardoned some of the anarchist suspects.

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

The first federal action against monopolies was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions allows the government to break up companies with control of a market; prevents monopolies

The Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Knights of Labor

Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

1886

*Combination of national craft unions representing labor interests in wages, hours, and safety

*Individuals were members of their local unions, which in turn, were members of the AFL

*Rather than revolutionary changes, they sought a better working life; their philosophy was "pure and simple unionism"

*First president was Samuel Gompers

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

a law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. An extreme example of nativism of the period (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

The agreement between the United States and Japan in 1907-1908 represented an effort by President Theodore Roosevelt to calm the growing tension between the two countries over the immigration of Japanese workers. As the number of Japanese workers in California increased, they were met with growing hostility and racial antagonism fed by inflammatory articles in the press. On October 11, 1906, the San Francisco school board arranged for all Asian children to be placed in a segregated school. Japan was deeply wounded by San Francisco's discriminatory law aimed specifically at its people. President Roosevelt intervened. Japan agreed to deny passports to laborers intending to enter the United States. This was followed by the formal withdrawal of the San Francisco school board segregation order. Enabled US to preserve good relations with Japan as a counter to Russian expansion in the Far East.

Settlement Houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

The first federal regulatory commission. Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty. Brought about by the assassination of Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job. The assassination raised questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs.

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY courthouse; actual construction cost $3 million. The project cost taxpayers $13 million.

Spoil System

The practice of giving a pointed positions in government to people loyal to the party and power

Progressive Movement

(1901 -1917 Formed by Midwestern Farmers, Socialists, and Labor Organizers -attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax ban early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life

Muckraking

A form of journalism, in vogue in the early twentieth century, devoted to exposing misconduct by government, business, and individual politicians.

Scientific Management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

16th Amendment (1913)

Congress is given the power to tax incomes

17th Amendment (1913)

This amendment allowed for the direct election of senators

18th Amendment (1919)

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

Susan B. Anthony

An American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. the social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

Suffrage

the legal right to vote

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair's novel that inspired pro-consumer federal laws regulating meat, food, and drugs

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's domestic platform during the 1912 election accepted the power of trusts and proposed a more powerful government to regulate them

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

This act established the Federal System, which established 12 distinct reserve to be controlled by the banks in each district; in addition, a Federal Reserve board was established to regulate the entire structure; improved public confidence in the banking system.

Federal Trade Commission

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Bull Moose Party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third-party votes than ever before.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

Poltical Machine

an organization designed to solicit votes from certain neighborhoods or communities for a particular political party in return for services and jobs if that party wins

Laissez-faire

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Tariff

A tax on imported goods

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Filipino-American War

The war between the United States and the Philippines, 1899-1902, in which the Filipinos, led by Emilio Aquinaldo, unsuccessfully attempted to gain independence from U.S. control and by which the US took the place of Spain and made the Philippines a US colony, based on the argument that the Filipinos were not prepared to govern themselves and would fall victim to another great power if the US did not protect them and train them to become democratic.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Mahanism

The ideas advanced by Alfred Thayer Mahan, stressing U.S. naval, economic, and territorial expansion.

Maine Battleship

Ship sank in Cuba which yellow journalists blamed on the Spanish - led to the Spanish American War

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Open Door 1899

U.S. policy towards China, the product of U.S. Secretary of State John Hay, proposal to ensure equal economic access to the Chinese market for all states

Panama Canal

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Spheres of Influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Yellow Press

newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership

de Lome Letter (1898)

De Lome, the Spanish minister in Washington, sent a secret letter he wrote describing President McKinley as weak with no mind of his own, angering many Americans when the letter was intercepted and published in American papers.

This incident happened in February, as did the explosion of the battleship Maine. Both incidents stirred up war fever in America and increased cries to go to war against Spain.

Teller Amendment (1898)

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Platt Amendment (1901)

Following its military occupation, the United States successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba's treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the United States could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit.

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixture of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Alliances

agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

Allies

An alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy

Bolshevik

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917