PWM Exam 2

Behavior, Cover, and Food, Parasitesz, disease,

what is behavior

the way an animal interacts between the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment

ethology

the study of individual animal behavior

Social behavior

study of animal behavior in groups

socioecology

study of animal behavior in relation to the environment

who were the two biologists who did a lot of study of animal behavior including work with raven behavior

Konrad Lorenz and Bernd Heinrich

what controls animal behavior

a combination of instincts and experience and natural selection plays a role as well

Why is animal behavior important to wildlife managers?

to learn more about seasonal and daily activities, habitat selection, home range, territory defense, response to predators, flocking and herding behaviors, migration, human interactions, and reproduction

what is circadian rhythm

an approximately 1 day activity schedule for a given species

habitat selection in generally considered what behavior

innate

what are the management implications of a species’ circadian rhythm?

surveying time, home range estimates, and hunting season implications

what are the management implications of habitat selection behavior

may need to take into account a species’ biased or stubborn nature when selecting habitat

what is a species home range

an area used for daily activities such as loafing, eating, courtship, and movement

what is the core area of a species home range

a smaller localized zone of primary residence usually for mating or nesting but varies by species

why do animals usually do territory defense

to defend resources in one’s home range such as food or mates

what will prey animals do if they are put under continual or regular pressure from predators

alter their pattern of predatory response

what do flocking and herding behaviors accomplish

predator avoidance, food resource location, thermal regulation, and migratory efficiency

what is the management implications of herding and flocking behavior

management for species that flock or herd needs to incorporate the behavior into any plan

what defines migration

moving from one area to another usually round trip such as going to breeding ground, food, or avoiding extreme weather

what are the types of migration

altitudinal and latitudinal migration

what are the potential problems of migration

crossing borders and man made obstacles

what are some international agreements to assist migratory species

Migratory Bird Treaty 1916, MBTA 1918, RAMSAR Convention 1971, and Convention on Wetlands of International Importance

why is reproduction an important behavior from a management standpoint

for species recognition, imprinting, courtship, for multiple litters or clutches, and dispersal of young

what is imprinting

permanent learning that occurs at or near birth

what is the management implication of reproductive behavior

it can be used to gather population statistics and find information to explain the numbers

what is Robins 1983

a full detailed description of food and nutrition for various animals (largely game)

what nutrients must wild animals food include

water, protein, carbs, fats or lipids, and vitamins or minerals

is plant or animal protein better

plant

what is wildlifes’ main source of energy

carbs

energy is measured by the daily requirement of

Kcalories

what are the dietary adaptations of insectivores

short intesines with no cecum

what are the dietary adaptations of carnivores

short intestines with a colon and small cecum

what are the dietary adaptations of ruminant herbivores

a complex usually 4 chambered stomach, first chamber is the rumen, long intestines, very large cecum, and food digested multiple times

what are the dietary adaptations of non ruminant herbivores

simple stomach, long complex folding intestines, large cecum

How does the nutrient demand of male deer change seasonally

it is higher in June, July, and August because of antler growth and mating prepping

How does the nutrient demand of female deer change seasonally

Pocreating females have higher demand in March to June or July due to lactation and fetud development while non procreating females energy demands are fairly stable

what is the primary concern for biologists in regards to food for carnivores

number of animals, potential limiting factors, and quantity of prey

what is the primary concern for biologists in regards to food for grainivores

quantity of food

what is the primary concern for biologists in regards to food for grazers and browsers

quality of food unless there is a limiting factor like drought

what factor effects food supply

seasonal change

what to do to maintain a stable quality food supply for herbivores

increase plant diversity keeping in mind timing of peak, quality, and quantity

when should suppliemental feeding not be used

to compensate for poor habitat management or when a species is overpopulated

what are techniques of supplemental feeding

food plots, baiting, and full ration feeding

what occurs in instances where resources are limited

competition

intraspecific competition

competition between members of the same species

interspecific competition

competition between members of a different species

interference competition

direct displacement of one species through aggression

exploitation competition

more efficient use of a resource for one species outcompeting other species

what does competition affect

species abundance, distribution along landscape, and population growth

what can be responsible for niche use or specialization and species evolutionary abundance

competition can be responsible

what do we know about Koala’s

they are nor bears, have very poor digestive efficiency, sleep 15-18 hours a day, and have a very large specialized complex cecum

what extreme environmental conditions does shelter protect from

temperature, wind, rain, and sun

what type of cover protects/hides prey from predators or other enemies

concealment

How does Leopold define cover

shelter for wildlife consisting of vegetation and topographic features that provide places to feed, hide, sleep, play, and raise young

How do Bolen and Robinson define cover

any physical or biological feature or arrangement of features that provide shelter from weather of concealment from or for predators

what does cover as shelter change depending on

species, location, time of day, season, life cycle stage, and temperature

what trees make the best wind protection

dense even age swamp conifers

typically during courtship displays the males are

exposed which leads to high mortality rates

cover offers concealment for

courtship displays, birthing, and young rearing

what is the double edged sword

evergreens provide excelent thermal cover but are often a hiding place for bird predators

how is a species proximity to cover types important for nesting

those close to cover have a much lower mortality rate

what is a cover edge

any place where two different habitat types meet

the smaller the intact center the ____ edge is present

more

what is the edge effect

apparent increase in species abundance near the edge, this is because there is access to many covers and more varity of vegetation

how does edge effect prey

predators often learn to hunt edge and prey are more exposed so prey have higher mortality rates

what species thrive on edge

generalists adaptable to habitat changes

what happens to forest bird species when their number of nests along the edge increases

predation increases, nest parasitism increases, and overall reproduction rates decline

Why do we study parasites

Parasites need reseviors or vectors, effected by population density, effect small populations, and are a part of the management puzzle

Parasites often have what kind of life cycle

often multi-host cycles involving a predator or scavenger and prey species, also some transmission via inadvertent contact with a host that can change with the season

What animals do ticks need for their life cycles?

Squirrel, Rabbit, and a large mammal

Sarcoptic Mange

Mite caused where female burries under skin

What is the management implications of Botflys

It caused squirrel season to be pushed back until the botlfies hatch to prevent wasted squirrels

Sarcocystic

is also known as duck rice breast and is a parasite found in the skeletal muscle with a multi host cycle from definitive predator hot and an intermediate prey host

How is Trematodes parasite spread

Flatworm are transmitted or moved via mollusks

What is the problem of liver fluke

deer transmit it to cattle without symptoms but cattle are very affected

Why do we study disease

humans and wildlife can be reseviors and vectors, affected by the density of populaitons, affects small populations, and is part of the larger management picture

What are some diseases that affect large mammals

Chronic wasting disease and brucellosis

What are some diseases that affect small mammals

White nose syndrome, sylvatic plague, and tularemia

What are some diseases that affect birds

Aspergillus, avian cholera, avian botulism, and avian influenza

What are some diseases that affect humans and wildlife

Rabies and tick borne diseases

Chronic wasting disease

is caused by pion, causes mad cow in cattle, and if found mark the boundary and cull as many deer as they can

White nose syndrome

a cold loving fungus that causes high loss up to 90-100% in come caves

Sylvatic plague

bacteria caused but flea transmitted that primarily effects rodents like prairie dogs and in turn black footed ferrets

Tularemia

bacterial caused but tick transmitted disease that causes spasmotic behavior and lethargy

Aspergillus

affects many different species and is a fungal infection of the respiratory system usually caused on large scale by moldy grain

Avian cholera

has bacterial origins and effects most birds, usually the only management is to burn carcasses

Avian botulism

bacteria produced toxins spread by maggots of dying affected animals

Avian influenza

Has many different types, currently type A is the bad one, pathogenic spreads faster and there is a large outbreak

Rabies

transmitted via saliva and is reported in numerous species, and was made widespread because a politician missed coon hunting

Tick-borne diseases

transmitted via black leg ticks, mice often host young ticks while deer host mature. Diseases such as anaplasmosis, babesiosis, lyme disease, tularemia, and rocky mountain spotted fever

What do most average people think of when they hear contaminants?

smoke, pollution, pesiticides

What are contaminants most people don’t think of?

Caffeine, pharmecuticles, household product, plastic, and pops

What is a defeniton of contaminants

biological, chemical, physical, or radiological substances normally absent from the environment that stain, soil, corrupt, or infect by contact or association

Before WWII what was the US outlook on contaminants

Dilution is the solution to pollution

After WWII what was the US outlook with contaminants

If you throw it out it will come back to you

How does contaminant uptake occur

through things you eat, breath, and touch your skin

How does contaminent elimination occur

excreting waste and breathing out

what is biotransformation

When you intake contaminants your body sometimes needs to transform it to be able to excrete it, which can occasionaly make it more toxic

what is biomagnification

the stage after bioaccumulation where predators high on the food chain often end up consuming a lot of contaminants in the environment

what are some factors that affect bioaccumulation

species, sex, age, and diet

List the major categories of contamiants

inorganic, organic, and pharmecuticles