HISTORY EXAM

Ratified

formally approved

Abridging

limiting or reducing (a. 1)

infringed

intruded upon land, rights, or privileges that belong to someone else (a. 2)

Quartered

housed or lodged (a. 3)

Warrants

written orders authorizing a person to make an arrest, a seizure, or a search (a. 4)

Probable cause

reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion (a. 4)

Compelled

forced to do something (a. 5)

deprived

lacking the necessities of life (a. 5)

Due Process

fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement. (a. 5)

compulsory

required by law or a rule; obligatory (a. 6)

counsel

the lawyer / lawyers conducting a case (a. 6)

Bail

A sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial (a. 8)

Enumeration

a numbered list (a. 9)

construed

interpreted, understood (a. 9)

disparage

to degrade, to speak of someone or something in a derogatory manner (a. 9)

Antebellum Period

The time period before the Civil War during which there were many reforms, including the establishment of free (tax-supported) public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling/abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal legal/political rights for women, and abolishing slavery.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Issues that worsened sectionalism

slavery, representation, tariffs, states rights

representation

States are represented in congress as slave states versus free sates: Congress needs to maintain balance

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Abolitionist

A person who wanted to end slavery in the United States

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Tariff or Abominations

This tax on imported goods outraged the South because it raised the taxes on manufactured goods that the South could not produce itself. (1828)

States rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation

benevolent

well meaning and kindly (even if master was this, Slaves knew smallest thing could set them off)

exploitation

the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work. (sexual .......)

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

subservient

(adj.) subordinate in capacity or role; submissively obedient; serving to promote some end

spirituals

Religious folk songs that blended biblical themes with the realities of slavery

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Fort Sumter

The first shots of the Civil War were fired in South Carolina (1861)

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States. CSA the confederacy

Battle of Gettysburg

1863, this three day battle was the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, ended in a Union victory, a Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Sherman's March to the Sea

during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way. (1864)

Sherman's Total War

A march through Georgia to the Atlantic coast

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

The confederacy

A loose union of independent states; name of government used by the southern states that seceded during the Civil War 1861 (csa)

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Panic of 1873

1873

U.S. vs. Cruikshank (1876)

challenges the ability of the federal government to enforce the 14th amendment

US vs Reese

15th amendment was determined not to grant voting rights to anyone, but rather to restrict types of voter discrimination

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws

Election of 1876

Ended reconstruction because neither canidate had an electorial majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised

Compromise of 1877

Deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.); Hayes was awarded presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of fed. troops from the South ended Reconstruction

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Sodbusters

name given to Great Plains farmers because they had to break through so much thick soil, called sod, in order to farm

Exodusters

African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876

battle between Sioux and U.S. government in which Colonel George Custer and Sioux won. Sig: made many tribes comply with state terms.

Battle (or Massacre) at Wounded Knee

The Same U.S army unit in the Battle of Little big Horn where soilders slaughtered over 600 sioux women and children

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Isolationists

Persons who believe that their own country should not become involved in relations with other nations, especially alliances

expansionists (imperialists)

people who favored imperializing other territories beyond the continental US

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers (Spanish cruelty to cubans to anger cubans)

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Platt Amendment

Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Lynching

putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law (usually hangings)

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

"Birth of a Nation"

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Muckraking

the action of searching out and publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way.

professional class

a social and economic demographic, commonly identified as part of the upper middle class

Monopolies

Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Hepburn Act (1906)

restricted railroad "free passes" and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission to include in its powers the prosecution of express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. For the first time gave the ICC that ability to nullify existing rates and set maximum rates

Triangle Shirtwaist Company

In 1911 the tragic fire killed 146 people, mostly women because the owner kept the stairway doors locked to prevent theft, following stricter building acts and factory codes, and worker insurance

Organized Labor/Unions

An association or union of workers for the purpose of improving the workers' economic status and working conditions through collective bargaining with employers.

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

4 main causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Alliances

agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

Major Alliances of WWI

Triple Alliance, Triple entente,

Tripple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Tripple Entente

Britain, France, Russia

Neutral

Not favoring either side

extreme patriotism

Nationalism

Nationalsim

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

When did World War I begin and end

1914-1918

American involvement in WWI

1917-1918

2 main causes of American involvement

Sinking of the Lusitania and Zimmerman telegram

War Propaganda

all types of media used to drum up support for the war, extremely anti-German, by gov't

Sherman waged Total War - a war not only against enemy troops, but against everything that supported the enemy His troops tore up rail lines, destroyed crops, and burned and looted towns

*Economic depression during Grant's second term