Unit 1 - Empire

control over other territories, peoples, and countries

how did american industry boom in late 1800s?

under the titans of industry

what were the titans of industry aided by?

lassiez faire government

what was westward expansion “fueled” by?

the railroad and manifest destiny

what did immigrants within american cities want to achieve?

american dream

what did the mass production of consumer goods increase?

the standard of living for the average American

what did factory workers form together?

unions

why did factory workers form unions?

to combat low wages and poor conditions

businessmen from the 19th century that helped america become the richest country in the word; andrew carnegie of the steel industry, john d rockefeller of oil industry, jp morgan of the banking industry, etc used ambitious attitudes towards benefitting the economy of america

titans of industry

the french term for “let do”; a form of capatalism that allows companies to conduct business without intervention by the government

lassiez faire

the 19th century belief that americans were destined from god to inevitably expand westward to the pacific ocean and into mexican territory

manifest destiny

law enacted in 1887, that intended to “americanize” native americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners

dawes act

the rapid growth of cities; in the 19th century the population of americans increased in cities like new york

urbanization

island in new york harbor, that was the chief immigration station in america from 1892-1924

ellis island

alliance of trade and craft unions, with the goal of organizing and unifying skilled and unskilled laborers

american federation of labor

20th century reform movement that sought to return control of the government to the people, in an act to restore economic opportunities and correct injustice in american life

the progressive movement

a case in 1886, where homer plessy tried to sit in a whites only seat, but was denied. then, he claimed that his rights were not being equally protected. however, the supreme court ruled that separating races in public accommodations was legal; “separate but equal”

plessy v fergurson

founded in 1881, and led by booker t washington, to equip african americans with teaching diplomas and useful skills in trade and agriculture

tuskegee institute

the production of goods in large quantities, made possible by the use of machinery and the division of labor

mass production

the last queen of hawaii

queen liliuokalani

titan of industry; started growing and investing in sugar products in hawaii

stanford b dole

McKinley Tariff, which raised import rates on foreign sugar

sugar tax

arrived in hawaii to over throw the queen because she would not join america

uss boston

when america gained control of hawaii, what was immediately built?

pearl harbor

why was pearl harbor built?

naval power

what are the three “M’s” ?

money, military, mission

lure foreign markets (MMM)

money

strengthen naval power (MMM)

military

charles darwin’s philosophy, “survival of the fittest,” and christian conviction (MMM)

mission

cuban poet and journalist who launched a rebellion in cuba and organized cuban resistance against spain using a guerilla campaign

jose marti

general that was sent to cuba to restore order and herded the population of cuba into concentration camps

general valeriano weyler

the use of sensationalism and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers

yellow journalism

letter written by ernique dupuy de lome, the spanish minister of the united states, that criticized president mckinley calling him weak for his diplomatic actions involving cuba and spain

the de lome letter

ship sent to cuba by president mckinley to bring home american citizens in danger from the fighting between cubans and spanyards, but blew up in the harbor of havana

uss maine

commodore who gave the command to open fire on the spanish fleet in manila, philippines (controlled by spain), where they destroyed every spanish ship and allowed us troops to land in the philippines

commodore george dewey

during the spanish- american war, what did george dewey’s victory at manila demonstrate?

the superiority of america’s naval force

what did admiral william t sampson effectively do in cuba during the spanish-american war?

naval blockaded the harbor of stantiago de cuba

volunteer cavalry regiment, commanded by leonard wood and theodore roosevelt, that served in the spanish-american war

the rough riders

at first this battle took place on kettle hill, cuba, featuring a charge by the rough riders and african american regiments so with their victory, an infantry attack on the strategically important, san juan hill was successful

battle of san juan hill

what was theodore roosevelt declared after the battle of san juan hill?

the hero of san juan hill

the treaty ending the spanish-american war, in which spain freed cuba, turned over the islands of guam and puerto rico to america, and sold the philippines to america for 20 million dollars

the treaty of paris

money motive for action in cuba

american business people wanted the government to protect their sugar cane plantation investments

military motive for action in cuba

perfect location for naval base

mission motive for action in cuba

american citizens enthusiastic about the rebel cause

what kind of debates did the treaty of paris cause?

political, moral, and economic

why did some americans feel that the treaty of paris violated the declaration of independence?

denied the filipinos their rights to self-government

African American educator who felt that America should deal with race-related issues at home before dealing with social issues elsewhere, after the Treaty of Paris

booker t washington

american labor leader who feared that filipino immigrants would compete for american’s jobs, after the treaty of paris

samuel gompers

what settled the debates over annexing the philippines?

the senate approved the treaty of paris

messages sent by secretary of state john hay in 1899 to imperialist countries, asking them not to intervene with american trading in china

open doors notes

why did secretary john hay feel the need to send the imperialist countries the open doors notes?

many imperialist countries were establishing settlements in china and john hay feared they would block america from trading with china

why did america want to be able to trade in china?

china was seen as a vast market for american products

as european nations dominated china’s large cities, resentment simmered and chinese people formed secret societies that pledged to…

rid the country of western influence

one of the most famous chinese secret societies that killed missionaries, foreigners, and chinese converts to christianity in rebellion against western influence

boxer rebellion

in 1904, these two countries were competing for control over korea when one of the countries attacked and destroyed the other countries pacific naval fleet and another they sent as reinforcements

russo-japanese war

after starting the russo-japanese war and winning a series of land battles, what happened to the japanese?

secured korea and manchuria, but ran out of men and money

who did japanese officials approach to mediate peace negotiations between japan and russia?

president theodore roosevelt

what did the peace negotiations between japan and russia lead to?

the treaty of portsmouth in which russia agreed to let the japanese take over their interests in korea and manchuria

what caused roosevelt to fear the intervention of european nations in latin american nations?

many latin american nations borrowed large sums of money from european banks to build railroads and develop industries

roosevelt issued an extension of the monroe doctrine (warned european nations not to further interfere in the western hemisphere) under which america claimed the right to protect their economic interests by means of military intervention in the affairs of western hemisphere nations

roosevelt corollary

this amendment commanded that cuba must stay out of debt, gave america the right to intervene in the country, and gave america the right to buy or lease cuban land for naval and fueling stations

platt amendment

in 1903, the platt amendment became part of a treaty, which made cuba a country who’s affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power (america)

protectorate

why was puerto rico important to america?

maintained american presence in the caribbean and protected a future canal later built across panama

in 1900, congress passed an act that ended military rule in puerto rico and established a civil government; gave congress the power to appoint a governor, members of the upper house of its legislature, and gave puerto ricans the power to elect members of its lower house

foraker act

why were filipinos outraged after the spanish-american war?

the treaty of paris called for annexation of the philippines

this rebel leader and his followers vowed to fight for freedom against america

emilio anguinaldo

rebel emilio anguinaldo turned to guerilla tactics to revolt against america, then america forced filipinos to live in designated zones that led to many deaths, after america suppressed the rebellion they established a government similar to that of puerto rico

filipino rebellion

the policy of extending a nation’s authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means

imperialism

european example, foreign markets, white man’s burden, alfred t mahan

causes of american imperialism

the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the inhabitants of their colonies

white man’s burden

american leader of the american navy who urged government officials to build up american naval power, which resulted in nine steel-bulled cruisers and the construction of battleships like the maine and the oregon

alfred t mahan

what was the spanish-american war rooted in?

economic (sugar cane) and political (jose marti) interests

who led america to an easy victory in the “splendid little war”?

dewey and roosevelt

a sign of america’s growing naval power that was named because its ships were painted white

great white fleet

what got theodore roosevelt the noble peace prize?

successful efforts in negotiating the treaty of porthsmouth

what was the panama canal built for?

american navy and trade with other countries

why was the panama canal significant?

united the atlanctic and pacific oceans

how was the building of the panama canal possible?

america fought with panama against columbia for their independence and in return panama let america build the canal because america is an empire

what were the problems associated with the panama canal?

people in panama angry with american influence; people in columbia angry with american victory

negotiating peacefully but also having strength to threaten with the "big stick", or the military

big stick diplomacy

what was president woodrow wilsons first stance on american involvement in ww1?

neutrality

• not about control/conquest

• freedom (democracy/human rights)

• morals (is it the right thing to do?)

• impartial in thought about ww1

missionary diplomacy

m

militarism

a

alliances

n

nationalism

i

imperialism

a (archduke ferdinand)

assassination

what caused the selective service act?

american government needed more fighting power in ww1

law enacted in 1917, that required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service

selective service act

established in 1917, encouraging companies to use mass production techniques for increasing efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products; set production quotas and allocated raw materials

war industries board

america’s first propaganda agency that was formed to influence public opinion to maximize support for america’s involvement in ww1

the committee on public involvement

the committee on public involvement was lead by this muckraking journalist, who persuaded artists and advertising agencies to create propaganda, while recruiting speakers and distributing paper goods to promote ww1

george creel

official of the american socialist party, who distributed leaflets against the military service draft

charles schneck

acts that imposed harsh penalties to anyone interfering or speaking against american involvement in ww1

espionage and sedition acts

what happened to charles schneck after he distributed the leaflets?

he was convicted and sentenced to prison due to the espionage and sedition acts

what did charles schneck claim after he was convicted and sentenced for distributing the leaflets?

his first amendment was violated

what did the supreme court rule in charles schneck’s case?

upheld his conviction because they felt the words within the leaflets were not protected during war time

this justice noted that under normal circumstances what charles schneck said in the leaflets might have been protected, but not in war time

oliver holmes

This was the last offensive push from the Germans in World War due to american forces and allies counterattacking the german advances, this marked the end of a string of german victories and the beginning of a series of allied victories that would in three months end the war

the second battle of the marne

treaty enacted in 1919 to end ww1, which established new nations, borders, and reoperations

the treaty of versailles

how was the treaty of versailles flawed?

war guilt clause that blamed germany and their declining economy made it difficult for them to pay reoperations