Anatomy Final Exam

levels of organization in the body

**Organelles – Cells – Tissues – Organs – Systems – Organism**

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Anatomy

**the study of the shape and structure of an organism’s body**

Physiology

**the study of the functions of various body structures**

Axial Division

**consists of the head, neck, and trunk**

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Appendicular Division

**consists of the arms and legs**

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Positive Feedback

**continues to move in the same direction as the body’s response to a stimulus (i.e. labor contractions)**

Negative Feedback

**moves in the opposite direction as the body’s response to a stimulus (i.e. when your body gets too hot, you sweat to cool yourself down)**

What system is responsible for the production of blood cells?

Skeletal System

**A wound near the surface of the skin would be described as?**

Superficial

The spinal cord is posterior or anterior to the lungs?

Posterior

**Are the arms located on the medial or lateral side of the body?**

Lateral

Is the liver superior or inferior to the diaphragm?

Inferior

Anatomical Position

To be standing up palms facing forward

What is the study of the integumentary system?

Dermatology

**The dorsal body cavity contains components of the?**

Nervous System

Eccrine Sweat Glands

produce sweat

Sebaceous Glands

Produces sebum(oil) to the hair follicles

Melatonin

**absorbs damaging light rays from the sun.** 

Hair contains what cells?

Keratinized found in the cuticle layer

Subcutaneous Tissue

**Anchors the skin to underlying muscle**

Dermis

Where the majority of appendages of the skin are located

Hair Follicles

Are typically attached to a smooth muscle bundle

What glands are active when puberty hits?

Apocrine

Shafts of hair are composed of what?

Dead Epidermal Cells

What mechanism is your body using to cool down when blood flow is increased, allowing heat to leave your body?

Radiation

What mechanism is your body using to cool down when you sweat?

Evaporation

Youngest to Oldest?

**Stratum Basale(1), Stratum Spinosum(2), Stratum Granulosum(3), Stratum Corneum(4)**

Epidermis

Outermost layer of skin

Dermis

Contains connective tissue, inner layer of skin

Axial Skeleton

the skull , vertebral column,  the ribs and the sternum 

Appendicular

includes the bones of shoulders, arms,  and the sternum

Compact Bone

Outer layers of bone, dense and strong providing strength and protection

Spongy Bone

found at the center of short or flat bones and at the end of long bones and is less dense

Periosteum

outermost layer of the bone that contains tough fibrous tissue that contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

Osteoblasts

During fetal development, cells in fetal cartilage develop into bone-forming cells

Ossification

Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for the growth and repair of bones

Os

Elasticity

The ability of muscles to return to their original length after stretching

Bones of joints are held together by what?

ligaments

Bones and muscles are linked together by what?

Tendons

Greatest degree of movement

Ball and Socket joints

Cranium

Protects the brain

Immovable joints are found where?

Adult Cranium

Extensibility

The ability of muscles to be stretched

Three major functions of the Skeletal System

Movement, Framework, making red-blood cells

Flat Bones

Bones of the skull and ribs

Agonist

makes the first movement like picking up a weight.

Antagonist

produces a movement that is opposite to the Agonist like dropping the weight

Where are the vocal cords located?

Larynx

Alveolus

structure at the end of the bronchial tree where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

Epiglottis

remains open when air passes through, but closes when food is swallowed to funnel food through the esophagus

The digestive and respiratory systems both use what?

Pharynx

External Respiration

exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the bloodstream

Internal Respiration

exchange of gases between the blood and the cells.

Cellular Respiration

using oxygen to produce energy and carbon dioxide

Olfactory Nerve

located in the nasal cavity.

When air travels through the nose it what?

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filtered, warmed, and moistened.

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Which blood type is the universal donor?

Type O

What blood type is the universal recipient?

Type AB

The site of most blood cell production?

Bone Marrow

Correct order for Homeostasis

Blood vessel contraction, platelet plug formation, fibrin appears 

The blood vessels with the thickest walls are?

Arteries

Which valve allows blood to be moved to the right ventricle?

Tricuspid

The blood vessels that allow for exchange of gasses between the blood and the cells are the?

Capillaries

Which valve can be found between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Mitral

A valve that permits blood flow from the right ventricle into the artery that leads into the lungs is the?

Pulmonary Valve

Atria

receives blood from the body

Ventricles

pump blood to the body. 

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The blood vessel that brings blood to the right atrium is called the?

Vena Cava

The pacemaking of the heart is called the?

SA Node

An abnormally high heart heart rate would be called?

Tachycardia

The innermost of the inner lining of the heart is called?

Endothelium

Neurons

specialized cells that help the human body gather information.

Dendrites

receive the nerve impulse signals

Axons

send the signals to the next neuron.

Synapse

gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of a second neuron

Cone

eye structure provides information about colors to the brain

Rest and Digestive Response

is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Fight or flight response

is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. 

somatic nervous system

controls voluntary movements.

Cochlea

snail shaped structure in the ear filled with fluid and lined with tiny hairs.

somatic nervous system

directly controls a person's decision to use the bicep muscles to lift a barbell

Motor Neurons

carry a nervous impulse from the brain and spinal cord to body parts such as muscles.

Interneurons

integrate information.

Sensory Neurons

carry information from the stimulus to the brain/spinal cord.

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Sodium and Potassium

two major ion players in nervous impulse transmission 

The brain and spinal cord form the what?

central nervous system.

The walls of the digestive tract that contain mucus are called?

Mucosa

Layers of the Digestive Tract

(Mucosa,  Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa )

Peristalsis

involuntary muscle action of the alimentary   

The food is absorbed in the small intestine in the what?

Villi

The large intestine connects to the small intestine at what?

Cecum

Large Intestine

Shorter in length and larger in diameter than the small intestine 

Function of the large Intestine

store feces, absorb water, absorb nutrients

Function of

Main organs of digestion

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and the rectum

Accessory Organs

pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Bile is produced by the what?

Liver

Mechanical Digestion

physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

Chemical Digestion

using enzymes and chemical reactions to further break down food