M122 Midterm

What is microbiology?

The study of microorganisms/microbes

What are microbes?

small organisms/microbes that usually cannot be seen with the naked eye, need a microscope to see

What are examples of prokaryotic microbes?

bacteria and archaea

What are examples of eukaryotic microbes?

protozoa, algae, fungi

There are \_______ & \_______ microbes for humans.

harmful, beneficial

Examples of harmful microbes for humans include:

A. Pathogens

B. Normal flora

C. Food-borne illness

D. Alcoholic beverages

A & C

Examples of beneficial microbes for humans include:

A. Pathogens

B. Normal flora

C. Food-borne illness

D. Alcoholic beverages

B & D

What are beneficial bacteria in food?

dairy products (cheese & yogurt), fermented foods (pickles & sauerkraut), alcoholic beverages (beer & wine), baked goods (bread)

What does bacteria produce from dairy and fermented foods?

lactic acid

What does yeast produce?

alcohol and CO2 which is why:

* (-OH) alcohol is in alcoholic drinks
* bubbles (CO2) is in beer
* breads rise (CO2)

Infectious diseases can be \_____________ nowadays

controlled

Research on infectious diseases led to....

A. discovery of antimicrobials

B. development of vaccination

C. improvement of sanitary practices

D. all of the above

D

What are microorganisms still a major threat even though we know we can control them?

New viruses come every other year; therefore, there is a continuous need for medical and basic research

Roles of microbes include...

agriculture, energy, and environment

What are legumes?

peanuts, lentils

What is N2 fixation?

N2 -\> 2NH3

What do legumes do?

allows reduced form of nitrogen into the food chain

Which form of nitrogen can be taken up by animals/humans/plants?

A. N2

B. NH3

C. Ammonia

D. all of the above

B & C

In agriculture, what nutrient cycles can occur?

nitrogen & sulfur

What is the nitrogen cycling process?

N2 -\> NH3 -\> NO3\- -\>

What is the sulfur cycling process?

S^0 -\> SO4^2\- -\> H2S -\>

What are ruminants?

cows or animals that have specialized stomachs containing tons of microbes

What is the purpose of nutrient cycling?

it recycles elements from non-living matter back into the circle of life

In ruminants, there is a breakdown of \______ or poly sugar into \____ + \_____ + animal protein

cellulose; CO2; CH4

What of rumen products is good for diesel/fuel source?

methane (CH4)

Where does most of the methane gets exerted out of a cow?

mouth (95%)

Glucose in the rumen gets converted to...

CO2 + H2, acetate, propionate, butyrane

Sugar in corn gets fermented into....

ethanol

Bioremediation O2 in the environment that is harmful is \______ and harmless is \____.

spilled oil; organic pollutants

Some microbes can combine with oxygen with spilled oil and create...

different lengths of carbon chains

Although organic pollutants appear to be harmless when released to the environment, what is problem arises?

CO2 is a greenhouse gas

Microbes role in environment are \______ & \____ \_____.

bioremediation & microbial mining

In microbial mining, solids can \______ by microbes then be \_______ into a harvested metal

solubilize; oxidized

Antony von Leeuwenhoek was the first to \______ microbes accurately.

describe

Antony von Leeuwenhoek developed the \______ with simple lenses to magnify with the power of __-\_____ fold.

microscope; 50-300

What prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes did Antony von Leeuwenhoek observe?

bacteria & protozoa

Through Antony von Leeuwenhoek's drawings of microbes, what did he discover?

different shapes of microbes from the human mouth

Robert Hooke was the first to \______ the depiction of a microorganism

publish

Why did people believe Hooke to be first to discover microbes rather than Leeuwenhoek?

Hooke published and described the structure of molds 20 years before Leeuwenhoek in 1665.

How do Leeuwenhoek and Hooke's microscope differ?

* Hooke's was fancier
* Hooke's lens was movable, Leeuwenhoek's was not
* Hooke's had a light source, Leeuwenhoek used natural or outside light source
* Sample in Leeuwenhoek's was movable, Hooke's was not
* Hooke's had adjustment screws to adjust lens, Leeuwenhoek's had focusing screws to move sample

Leeuwenhoek's microscope had a movable ______ ___ for sample and ______ lens.

Hooke's microscope had a ______ position for sample and ______ lens.

mounting pin, fixed; fixed, movable

Molds are eukaryotic or prokaryotic

eukaryotic

Through Hooke's microscope, the fruiting structure of molds was observed also known as "\____ \______" \_____

Hairy Mould colony

Hooke discovered \____. Leeuwenhoek discovered \_____.

molds; bacteria

Who is the father of modern microbiology?

A. Hooke

B. Leeuwenhoek

C. both

D. neither

C

What are two opposing theories about the origin of life?

spontaneous generation & biogenesis

What is spontaneous generation?

life arises from non-life

What is biogenesis?

life arises from pre-existing life

Which was believed first, spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

spontaneous generation

Who thought some simpler invertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation?

A. Francesco Redi (1668)

B. Louis Pasteur (1861)

C. Robert Koch (1843-1910)

D. Aristotle (384-833 B.C.)

D

Who was the first to prove biogenesis of large organisms?

A. Francesco Redi (1668)

B. Louis Pasteur (1861)

C. Robert Koch (1843-1910)

D. Aristotle (384-833 B.C.)

A

How did Redi prove Spontaneous Generation wrong?

Through his experiment: Generation of Maggots

What did the Generation of Maggots prove?

A. Maggots came from flies' eggs

B. Maggots did not spontaneously generate

C. Biogenesis

D. all of the above

D

Who proved the biogenesis of microorganisms?

A. Francesco Redi (1668)

B. Louis Pasteur (1861)

C. Robert Koch (1843-1910)

D. Aristotle (384-833 B.C.)

B

How did Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?

Using his swan necked flask experiment

In Pasteur's experiment, what happens to the microbes after the flask was heated then cooled slowly?

Microbes were trapped in the bend of the open end of the neck

The liquid in the swan neck experiment remains sterile for many years after it has been heated and cooled (T/F).

T

What does the swan neck provide for the sterile liquid in flask for microbes?

physical barrier

If the swan neck flask is tipped, what happens?

sterile liquid comes to contact with microbes and grows in liquid (biogenesis)

What is the germ theory?

diseases are caused by microorganisms

Who was the first to demonstrate the role of bacteria in causing diseases?

A. Francesco Redi (1668)

B. Louis Pasteur (1861)

C. Robert Koch (1843-1910)

D. Aristotle (384-833 B.C.)

C

Koch established a relationship between \_______ & \________.

bacillus anthracis (pathogen), anthrax (disease)

Which of these represents Koch's FIRST postulate?

A. organism is isolated from diseased animal and grown in a pure culture

B. recover the pathogenic organism from healthy-turned-diseased animal to observed and cultured which will be the same organism as original diseased animal

C. pathogenic organism is seen in diseased animals and not in healthy animals

D. pure culture is injected into healthy animal which it will become sick and develop the same symptoms as original diseased animal

C

Which of these represents Koch's SECOND postulate?

A. organism is isolated from diseased animal and grown in a pure culture

B. recover the pathogenic organism from healthy-turned-diseased animal to observed and cultured which will be the same organism as original diseased animal

C. pathogenic organism is seen in diseased animals and not in healthy animals

D. pure culture is injected into healthy animal which it will become sick and develop the same symptoms as original diseased animal

A

Which of these represents Koch's THIRD postulate?

A. organism is isolated from diseased animal and grown in a pure culture

B. recover the pathogenic organism from healthy-turned-diseased animal to observed and cultured which will be the same organism as original diseased animal

C. pathogenic organism is seen in diseased animals and not in healthy animals

D. pure culture is injected into healthy animal which it will become sick and develop the same symptoms as original diseased animal

D

Which of these represents Koch's FOURTH postulate?

A. organism is isolated from diseased animal and grown in a pure culture

B. recover the pathogenic organism from healthy-turned-diseased animal to observed and cultured which will be the same organism as original diseased animal

C. pathogenic organism is seen in diseased animals and not in healthy animals

D. pure culture is injected into healthy animal which it will become sick and develop the same symptoms as original diseased animal

B

What is a pure culture?

one type of organism in agar plate sample

What makes Koch's work important?

It is a scientific method to prove causation of disease. It develops pure culture methods (growth on solid media and isolation of pure cultures).

Why is developing pure culture methods in Koch's work important specifically?

It is important for identifying microbes to understand them for treatment and prevention of arising diseases.

We only know _% of microbes and __% we know nothing about.

1%, 99%

What are the 2 large groups of the microbial world?

cellular & acellular microorganisms

Which of the following has no cellular composition?

A. Cellular microorganisms

B. Acellular microorganisms

B

What is a cell?

Basic unit of all cellular life

What are characteristics of a cell?

A. Physically separated from each other

B. Physically separated from outside environment by cell membrane

C. Physically separated from outside environment by cell wall

D. all of the above

D

What are the basic properties of a cell?

1. metabolism
2. reproduction/growth
3. differentiation
4. communication
5. movement
6. evolution

What is metabolism in terms of the cell?

The in & out process that takes in useful chemical from the outside environment to transform into cellular mass and secrete waste into the outside environment.

In metabolism of a cell, chemicals are transformed into cellular mass for \______ to support \______ \____ & other cell activities

energy; cell growth

Cells are an \_____ system

open

Intracellular environments are healthy since it takes up nutrient chemicals and releases waste products to reduce \______ in the cell.

toxicity

What is reproduction in terms of the cell?

cellular mass & energy are created from the uptake chemicals from the environment to turn into new cells from the pre-existing cell

In reproduction of a cell, 1 \______ cell duplicates into _ copies and portioned evenly into 2 \_______ cells

parent, daughter

What is differentiation in terms of the cell?

cell response to adverse conditions

In differentiation of a cell, a __(1)\____ occurs when there are adverse environmental conditions. When the environment gets better, the __(1)\___ gets converted back into a living cell.

spore

Adverse environmental factors that create differentiation in a cell include which of the following?

A. Lots of radiation

B. Very high/low temperatures

C. Low nutrients in the environment

D. all of the above

D

What is communication in terms of the cell?

cells communicate or interact with one another by taking up or releasing chemicals

Cells receives chemicals from other cells by their \_______ as their source of communication.

receptors

What is movement in terms of the cell?

the ability to move around in the environment by propelling

Cells can move because of their \________ which can \_____ & propel.

flagellum, rotate

Cells move to more attractive or \_______ environments or to \______ harmful environments.

nutritious, escape

What is evolution in terms of the cell?

cells evolve into new biological properties

In evolution of a cell, \__________ trees show the \_____ time process of generations and evolutionary relationships between the \_____ cell and its new species.

phylogenetic, long, ancestral

Does a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell have a true nucleus?

eukaryotic

Characteristics of a prokaryotes are that they are \______ cells, \_____ a nucleus, have \____ S ribosomes, and have a size of __-\___ micrometers.

singular, lack, 70, 1-10

Ribosomes provide a site for....

protein synthesis

What does the "S" stand for when describing ribosomes units?

Svedberg units, refers to shape & size

What are characteristics of bacteria?

A. Round, rod, or spiral shape

B. only found in extreme environments

C. Peptidoglycan cell wall

D. all of the above

A & C

Archaea was first thought to be a part of the bacteria family (T/F).

T

Archaeas are different than bacteria because their cell walls are more \______ and are found in \______ environments. They are so different from bacteria that they have been re-\_______ as a separate domain.

complex, extreme; classified

Archaea can photosynthesize without \______ in deep oceans.

sunlight

Archaea can be found high \__________, \________, and \______.

temperature, pressure, salt