Bio s7 7.1.1 + 7.1.2

ATP synthesis + Protein synthesis

nucleotide structure

pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, at least 1 phosphate group

ATP meaning

adenosine triphosphate

how is ATP regenerated?

by the addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)​

phosphorylation definition

the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule

Where does the energy to phosphorylate come from?

catabolic reactions in the cell

What 3 main types of work does the cell do?

Chemical, transport, mechanical

energy coupling definition

using an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one​

What is mediated by ATP in most cells?

most energy coupling

Example of ATP chemical work

building a large molecule

Example of ATP transport work

pumping solutes across a membrane

Example of ATP mechanical work

moving a muscle protein

where ATP is synthesized

mitochondria and chloroplasts

in which transmembrane enzymes does ATP synthesis takes place?

ATP synthase

where ATP synthase is found (mitochondria)

inner membrane

where ATP synthase is found (chloroplasts)

membrane of thylakoids

Thylakoids description

membranous sacs stacked to form a granum​

Stroma

the internal fluid​

mitochondria: inner membrane is folded into _____

cristae

mitochondria: two compartments of inner membrane

intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

What group of organelles are chloroplasts a part of?

Primary plastids

chemiosmosis definition

the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

What does synthesis of ATP require? (1)

Compartmentalization of an electrochemical gradient in a membrane space

What does synthesis of ATP require? (2)

Electron transport chain that pumps H+ across a membrane generating an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane.

What does an electron transport chain consist of?

series of redox reactions

Difference in concentration of H+ (better phrase)

electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions

What energy transfer happens in ATP synthesis

Mechanical energy into chemical energy

photosynthesis definition (simple)

The biochemical process by which plants and some bacteria capture light energy and use it to produce chemical bonds.

Balanced photosynthesis formula

6CO2 + 12H20 + light → C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

2 stages of photosynthesis

light dependent and light independent

Light dependent stage parts

ATP and NADPH2 synthesis

Light independent stage parts

Fixation of CO2 into carbohydrates using the energy in ATP and NADPH2

direct product of photosynthesis

glucose

fatty acids + glycerol =

lipids

nitrate + sulphates =

amino acids

nitrate + phosphate =

nucleotides, nucleic acids

NADP stands for

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

What is this molecule

NADP

NAD+ is a …

electron shuttle

NADH is a …

reducing agent

FAD+ stands for

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

What is the “synthesis” part of photosynthesis?

the Calvin cycle

Steps of light reactions (4 steps)

Split H20, release O2, reduce NADP+ to NADPH, synthesize ATP

Where do the light reactions take place?

thylakoids

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

stroma

What does the Calvin cycle do?

Forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH

What is the first step of the Calvin cycle?

carbon fixation

What is carbon fixation?

incorportating CO2 into organic molecules

What energy transformation happens in light reactions and by who?

thylakoids transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

what does a photosystem consist of?

a reaction-center surrounded by light-harvesting complexes

what is a reaction-center complex?

A type of protein complex

what do light-harvesting complexes do?

transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center

what are light-harvesting complexes?

pigment molecules bound to proteins

Light dependent stage steps (in more detail) (till PSI)

Photon excites chlorophyll - P680 - primary electron accepor (PSII) - Pq - Cytochrome complex - Pc - PSI

Pq

Plastoquinone

Pc

Plastocyanin (protein)

Light dependent stage steps (in more detail) (from PSI)

PSI - P700 - Primary electron acceptor (PSI) - Fd- NADP+ reductase - Calvin cycle

photophosphorylation

the formation of ATP using light energy in photosynthesis

Where does the oxygen given off in photosynthesis come from?

water

What does the Calvin cycle do with its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle?

It regenerates them

In what form does carbon enter the Calvin cycle?

CO2

In what form does carbon leave the Calvin cycle?

PGAL

G3P definition

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

How many times does the cycle have to take place to get 1 G3P?

3

3 phases of the Calvin cycle?

Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of the O2 acceptor

What is carbon fixation catalyzed by (enzyme)

RuBisCo

Sequence of energy flow in cellular respiration

glucose - NADH - electron transport chain - proton-motive force - ATP

How much % of energy in glucose is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration?

34%

How many ATP are made from 1 glucose?

36-38 ATP

How much ATP is made each from both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

2 ATP

How much ATP is made from oxidative phosphorylation?

32-34 ATP

What is another name for the H+ gradient in mitochondria?

Proton-motive force

look at similarities/differences note card and then type done!

done!

Central dogma of biology

DNA gets transcribed into RNA which is translated into proteins

What direction is the DNA template strand?

3’ to 5’

DNA template strand definition

The strand that RNA will be complementary to

mRNA direction if DNA is 3’ to 5’?

5’ to 3’

codons definition

mRNA base triplets

What is RNA synthesis catalyzed by?

RNA polymerase

what does RNA polymerase do?

It seperates DNA strands and hooks together RNA nucleotides

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches

promoter

sequence signaling the end of RNA transcription

terminator

stretch of DNA that is transcribed

transcription unit

3 steps of transcription (and translation)

initiation, elongation, termination

Initiation (transcription)

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, the DNA strands unwind, the polymerase initates RNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand

Elongation (transcription)

The polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript 5´ to 3´. After, DNA strands re-form a double helix

Termination (transcription)

the RNA transcript is released and the polymerase detaches from the DNA

noncoding regions

introns

Intron long form

intervening sequences

Expressed regions

exons

what does RNA splicing do

removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

What is RNA splicing carried out by sometimes?

spliceosomes

What do spliceosomes consist of?

a variety of proteins and several small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that recognize the splice sites

Ribozymes definition

catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

Alternative RNA splicing definition

process that allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins

what does tRNA do?

it transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a ribosome

What do ribosomes facilitate?

specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons in protein synthesis

What are the two ribosomal units made out of?

proteins and ribosomal RNA

Are bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes the same?

no

3 binding sites of a ribosomes

E, P, A

A-site

binding site, holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain