ApPsych Final (sem1)

Study set

What is the morst important ingredient in learning?

Experince

If your pet knows, the sound of an electric can opener equals food, they have experience with type of learning

Classical conditioning

If a dolphin does a behavior and gets a herring, what type of learning has taken place?

Associative learning/operant conditioning

What researcher mostly is associated with classical conditioning

Pavlov

In Pavlov's experiment what was the unconditioned response?

Salivating

In Pavlov's experiment what was the conditioned response?

Salivating

In Pavlov's experiment what was the conditioned stimulus?

Bell

In pavlov's experiment what happens when the tone is sounded but repeatedly done without presenting.food

Extinction

What is spontaneous recovery?

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

What is the term used to describe a situation when the conditioned response is seen even when a stimuli is SIMILAR to the conditioned stimulus is presented.

Generalization

If Little Albert was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat but was also afraid of rabbits, dogs and fur coats, what has happened to baby Albert?

Generalization

Define learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Why was Pavlov's research on classical conditioning important?

so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned

What type of learning is influenced by consequences?

operant conditioning

Define shaping

Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior

Define reinforcer

A stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that that response will be repeated

What is the term used to describe a situation when the conditioned response is seen even when a stimuli is SIMILAR to the conditioned stimulus is presented.

Negative reinforcement

If Little Albert was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat but was also afraid of rabbits, dogs and fur coats, what has happened to baby Albert?

Generalization

If a child is scolded for have a temper tantrum and the parent notices that the child's temper tantrums are increasing in frequency, the scolding has now become what type of reinforcer?

Positive punishment

What type of reinforcer is one that fulfills our biological needs?

Primary Reinforcer (food, water, air)

People can be conditioned with reinforcers not delivered until a long time after the desired behavior, what would these reinforcers be called?

Delayed reinforcement

What is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforces response only after specified \# of responses

What is a variable -ratio schedule of reinforcement?

a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

What is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforces to response only after specific time has elapsed

What is a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforces to response at unpredictable time intervals

What is term given to an event that decreases the behavior that PRECEDES it?

Punishment

What is biofeedback?

Biofeedback is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively.

What is modeling behavior

observing other people and patterning our behavior on theirs

Define observational learning

learning by observing others

What is important about Bandura's bobo doll experiment and children's learning?

Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children are able to learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning, through watching the behavior of another person

Which old-school form of psychology with contemporary psychologist think is not appropriate for the study of psychology today (Structuralism) (1)

Introspection

Why is Wilham Wundt considered the first true scientific psychologist

Started the first psychological labratory

What term was given to a species that adapt or is suited to its environment?

Natural selection/survival of the fittest

Who is the psychologist who used (answer to 1) to study people sensation and mental images

Edward Titchner

If one was to look at the intelligence of people is more influenced by biology or environment, they would be looking into which psychological debate

Nature vs nurture

Which psych perspective investigates unconscious drives and conflicts?

psychodynamic

Which psych perspective would investigate how we organize everything about the information as well as our ability to remember it later and use what we have learned

Cognitive

Which type of psychologist would look at how children's thinking changes as they grow older

Developmental psychologists

What type of psychologist would have a strong background in stats and does not want to work with patients

Psychometric psychologists

What type of psychologist would want to investigate best practices for learning and teaching in the classroom

Educational psychologists

The scientific attitude of humility might be undermined by what attribute

Hindsight bias

What psychologist focus on diagnosis and treatment of people with mental health problems

Counseling/clinical psychologist

What is a hypothesis?

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

What is the problem that often occurs when a researchers rely on case study evidence

Overgeneralization; applying the results of a small sample of cases to the overall population

Which of the measures of central tendency would be most helpful if someone was looking at how well a person would do in college based on the grades in high school

Mean

How would a negative correlation to explain if one were to look at Marital satisfaction with wealth

As wealth increases, satisfaction decreases (Positive correlation is both up or both down)

What is an illusionary correlation?

the perception of a relationship where none exists/stronger-than-actual relationship

What is a random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

What is a double blind procedure/experiment?

An experiment in which both the researcher and the person being experiment on do not know the whether they are in the control group (the one given the placebo) or in the group being experimented on.

When a researcher fully informs a participant of the nature of the experiment at a later time, this is called?

Debreifing

Why do researchers want to use a large representative sample?

In order to minimize bias and/or faulty results;eliminate bias and overgeneralization

What are neurotransmitters

a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.

Where are neurotransmitters released?

Synaptic gap/cleft

What is the term given when a drug is taken to prevents excess serotonin from being taken back into the terminal button?

Reuptake

What happens when ACH is blocked in the body

Paralysis

What gland produces and releases a hormone for growth

Pituary

What is lesioning?

Removing part of the brain that is damaged or destroyed, then impact of functioning is studied

What part of the brain would support your life functions?(Breath, heartbeat, etc)

Medulla

What part of the brain relays all sensory information to various parts of the cortex, except for smell

Thalamus

What part of the brain lies between the brain stem and the cerebral cortex(houses the amygdala, hippocampus

Limbic system

What part of the brain if stimulated might make us extremely aggressive

Amygdala

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the reward system in our brain?

dopamine

What structure allows for each half of the brain to communicate with other half

Corpus callosum

How are fraternal twins form?

2 individual eggs fertilized by 2 separate sperm cells

What is epigenetics?

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Evolutionary psychologist, believe that those behaviors that have been adapted by species are generally those that promote?

Survival

If you look at an object, the light travels to the eye, then the rods and cones and then transmitted into the brain. What ability are we using?

Sight

Define sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

What is transduction?

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret

What is absolute threshold?

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

What is Weber's Law?

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

What is priming?

the activation of (particular associations), often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response,

How does sensory adaptation work?

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (Hot tub is hot when you first get in then not anymore)

What do we call the study of ESP in psychology

Parapsychology

Light wave amplitude determines what

intensity/brightness

Define pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

What is the young Helmholtz theory?

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors(cones), one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.

What is the opponent process theory?

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision

What is parallel processing and what does it enable us to do?

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions

What is the term give it to studying stimuli grouped together?

Gesalt?

What is the PHI phenomenon?

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

What is light constancy?

the ability to see an object as having constant levels of lightness no matter how the light conditions change

What is color constancy?

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

What helps us determine the pitch of a sound?

wavelength and frequency

How often do we detect the location of a sound?

Sound waves strike one ear sooner and more intense than the other

What is the technical term for pain receptor cells in our body

Sensory Receptors, nociceptors

If someone experience phantom limb syndrome, it would illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of what

No pain receptors

What are the four taste sensations?

sweet, sour, salty, bitter

Who is particularly responsive to hypnosis

Those that are willing to participate and are easily engrossed

What do we call the bursts of brain activity and NREM 2 sleep?

sleep spindles

What stage does the hypogogic or myclonic jerk happen in sleep?

NREM(1)

How does the hypothalamus help us sleep?

the hypothalamus helps control the sleep/wake cycle (circadian rhythm) and releases hormones that make us sleepy

If one performs better on a task after sleep, than after they have been awake, it would suggest that sleep is...

Restorative and rebuilding

What neurotransmitter Orexin has been linked to what's the disorder?

Narcolepsy

What is sleep apnea?

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary stopping of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

What is manifest dream content?

the part of the dream that is remembered

What is latent content?

hidden meaning of a dream

Difference between latent and manifest content

Manifest is censorial and remembered, latent is unconscious drives and wishes

What is rem rebound?

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

Why do we call any drug that alters perceptions or mood?

Psychoactive drugs