Chemistry Final Study Guide

What does Ca²⁺ + O²⁻ make?

CaO

What does Ca²⁺ + PO₄³⁻ make?

Ca₃(PO₄)2

What does Li⁺ + CO₃²⁻ make?

Li₂CO3

Whenever soluble salts dissolve in water, the ions

separate and can move around in the solution

Identify all of the spectator ions in the equation Fe(s) + Na + OH --> Fe(OH)3 + Na

Na

Identify all of the spectator ions in the equation Ag + NO3 + NH4 + Cl --> AgCl(s) + NH4 + NO3

NO3 and NH4

A reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances

decomposition reaction

Identify all of the spectator ions in the equation Zn + 2Cl + 2K + 2OH --> Zn(OH)2 + 2K + 2Cl

Cl and K

This number tells us how many molecules of a compound we have

coefficient

In the reaction: 2Na + Cl2 --> 2NaCl What are the reactant (s)?

Na and Cl2

Signs of a chemical reaction

Color change, gas/bubbles produced, odor change, and temperature change

What type of reaction has only one compound as the product?

Synthesis

Which type of reaction has two compounds on the left side of the arrow?

double replacement

What type of reaction ALWAYS has Oxygen as a reactant?

Combustion

a chemical equation that does not indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products.

skeleton equation

a chemical equation in which each side of the equation has the same number of atoms of each element.

 balanced equation

a chemical change in which two or more substances react to form a single new substance.

combination reaction

a chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound.

single-replacement reaction

a list of elements in order of decreasing activity

activity series

a chemical change involving an exchange of positive ions between two compounds.

Double-replacement reaction

an equation that shows all dissolved ionic compounds as dissociated free ions.

Complete ionic equation

ions that appear on both sides of an equation and is not directly involved in the reaction. 

Spectator ions

an equation that shows only those particles that are directly involved in the chemicals change.

Net ionic equation

When temperature decreases, the pressure ________

decreases

When volume of a container increases, the pressure ________

decreases

When temperature increases, the pressure _________

increases

When volume of the container decreases, the pressure _________

increases

Which gas effuses faster? molecular oxygen or atomic argon?

oxygen

particles drifting from areas of high to low concentration

diffusion

the movement of particles from high to low concentration through an opening

effusion

Gas does not have what?

a fixed volume

what causes diffusion?

the constant random motion of particles

If you increase the temperature, how does this affect the rate of diffusion?

increases it

Which best describes the motion of gas particles according to the Kinetic Molecular Theory?

Gas particles are in constant, random, rapid, motion

gas particles motion is

constant and random

Identify this Formula P1V1=P2V2

Boyle’s law

Which of the following is true if a hairspray bottle is thrown into a fire?

The pressure in the bottle would increase

Which of the words defines the term "volume" as it relates to gas behavior?

The space between the gas particles

Which of the words defines the term "pressure" as it relates to gas behavior?

The collisions of the gas particles on the sides of the container

There are two gases in a container with a total pressure of 760 mmHg. One gas has a partial pressure of 522 mmHg. What is the partial pressure of the other gas?

760-522= 238 mmHg

A mix of 3 gases is at a total pressure of 0.99 atm. Helium has a partial pressure of 0.09 atm. Krypton has a partial pressure of 0.43 atm. What is the partial pressure of the third gas?

0\.47

What is 75 degrees Celsius converted to Kelvin?

273+75= 348 K

Which of the following units is a measurement of pressure?

mmHg

What happens to the volume of an inflated balloon when it is placed in a freezer?

volume decreases

According to Charles's Law, if the pressure of a gas is constant, when you increase the temperature of that gas, its volume___________________

increases

According to Boyle's Law, when a gas is at constant temperature, if you decrease the volume, then the pressure _________________________

increases

What is the unit used to measure temperature?

kelvin

What gas law deals with temperature and volume only?

Charles’ law

Breaking up a solid (for instance, by crushing it into powder) will cause solubility to generally…

increase

What is one way to increase the solubility of a solid solute?

increase temperature

You can dissolve more solute into a ________ solution.

unsaturated

a property of a solution that depends on the number, not the identity, of the solute particle

colligative property

What is the effect of colligative properties?

changes in a solvent's behavior caused by the addition of a solute

If you add sodium chloride to pure water…

the freezing point decreases and the boiling point increases

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid phase equals atmospheric pressure

Boiling Point

the pressure exerted by a vapor over a liquid that is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system

vapor pressure

Amount of solute dissolved in certain amount of solution

concentration

When solute will not dissolve we call it 

insoluble

the amount of solute that will dissolve at a given temperature

solubility

When a solvent is heated and will hold no more solute, crystallization will occur when solution cools and it is considered to be _____________________________

supersaturated

Typically the SOLUTE will be the ____________amount in the solution

smaller

When there is a lot of solute it is ______________________________

concentrated

When there is not much solute it is _______________________

diluted

To make a solution MORE concentrated, you would add more

solute

The amount of solute in a solution determines its

concentration

the mathematics of balanced equation; calculations of quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions. It is also the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions.

Stoichiometry

mass relationships of elements in a compound

Composition Stoichiometry

mass relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

Reaction Stoichiometry

the reactant that is consumed first in a chemical reaction—limiting the amounts of products formed.

The Limiting Reactant

the reactant that is not used up completely in a chemical reaction.

Excess Reactant

the maximum amount of product produced from given amounts of reactants, based on stoichiometric calculations.

Theoretical Yield

the amount of product actually produced from an experiment

Actual Yield

When salt is added to water, the salt can be called

a solute

If you add salt to water and it does not dissolve, the solution is called

saturated

In a supersaturated solution, adding additional solute particles to the solution will cause

Crystallization

what is another name for a dissociated ion?

electrolyte

what are the units of molarity?

mol/L

what are the colligative properties?

Freezing Point Depression, Boiling Point Elevation, and Vapour Pressure Reduction

what explains the strength of a colligative property?

Number of solute particles in solution

What is NaHCO3 in the following reaction: NaHCO3 + HCl -> H2CO3 + NaCl

base

What is Na2SO4 in the following reaction: 2 NaOH + H2SO4 -> 2 H2O + Na2SO4

conjugate base

What is ClO3- in the following reaction: HClO3 + OH- -> H2O + ClO3-

conjugate base

What is H2O in the following reaction: HClO3 + OH- -> H2O + ClO3-

conjugate acid

What is OH- in the following reaction: HClO3 + OH- -> H2O + ClO3-

base

What is HClO3 in the following reaction: HClO3 + OH- -> H2O + ClO3-

acid

What is H2CO3 in the following reaction: NaHCO3 + HCl -> H2CO3 + NaCl

conjugate acid

What is HCl in the following reaction: NaHCO3 + HCl -> H2CO3 + NaCl

acid

What is H2O in the following reaction: 2 NaOH + H2SO4 -> 2 H2O + Na2SO4

conjugate acid

What is H2SO4 in the following reaction: 2 NaOH + H2SO4 -> 2 H2O + Na2SO4

acid

What is OH- in the following reaction: F- + H2O -> OH- + HF

conjugate base

What is F- in the following reaction: F- + H2O -> OH- + HF

base

according to Bronsted, an acid is a chemical that

Donates a proton in a reaction

The H3O^+ ion that is formed from acids dissociating into water is called

hydronium

true/false: the higher a chemical is on the pH scale, the more basic it is

true

what is the conjugate acid in NH3 + HCN → NH4^+ + CN^-

NH4+

If a 0.01M sulfuric acid solution has a pH of 1.699, what is the pH of a 0.001M solution of sulfuric acid?

1\.699+1= 2.699

How much 1M NaOH is necessary to neutralize 5mL of 3M H3PO4?

balance equation: 3NaOH + H3PO4 → Na3PO4 + 3H2O

Molarity = moles/liters

3M = x/0.005L

x=0.015 mol H3PO4

0\.015 mol H3PO4 \* 3 mol NaOH = 0.045 mol NaOH

1M NaOH = 0.045 mol NaOH/x

1M = 0.045 mol NaOH/x

x= 0.045 L \* 1,000 mL= 45mL NaOH

True/False: Strong acids only partially dissociate in water

false

Water can both receive and donate protons

amphiprotic

The pH of a 0.005M NaOH solution is 11.7. If the pH changes to 10.7, what could have happened to the NaOH solution?

The solution could have been diluted with water.