Intro to Crim Exam 4 (copy)

What is corrections?

the programs, services, and facilitates carried out by the government (or contracted with private corporations) for the management, housing, and rehabilitation of people who have been convicted/accused of crimes

When does corrections come in?

At the end of the system

Two forms of corrections

Community and Institutional

Community corrections

programs, services, supervisions that happen within the community

Institutional corrections

programs, services, supervisions that happen within a facility

Examples of community corrections

probation, parole, electronic monitoring, house arrest, community service

Examples of institutional corrections

jails and prisons

Punish

Built on retribution and deterrence

Hold offenders accountable

If they violated the law they need to be held accountable

Ensure public safety

remove dangerous people

Incapacitate

Taking the person's ability to offend away

Hold accused pretrial

New and growing quickly;
Before the correctional system would release them back into the community until trial and not hold them

Goals and Purposes

Punish, Hold offenders accountable, Ensure public safety, Incapacitate, Hold accused pretrial, Supervise/monitor, Treat, Reform, Rehabilitate

Punishment during Colonial America (1600s-1700s) were lived

under the laws and practices of England

Who carried out the punishments in Colonial America?

The church leaders

What kind of punishments were there and where did they occur?

They were kept within the community, where they were heavy on fines and public shaming

Who received the fines?

The man, head of the household

Who received public shaming?

Wives and children

What forms of pubic shaming did they use in Colonial America

Stoning, branding, whippings, shock death

Arrival of the Penitentiary (1773-1900)

Largely was an American invention

What did Americans develop during the penitentiary era?

a new democracy where people had liberty, religious freedom, and more

Why did we switch to the Penitentiary era?

The demographic was changing where they were staying away from physical punishment

"The Good Old Days"

Still had their ties and remembered what it was like back then

How was the penitentiary structured?

was structured where offenders could go and build relationships with god and create reform

Walnut Street Jail (1773)

Very first penitentiary; already existed; makeshift facility

Auburn Penitentiary (1818)

In New York, still wanted silence, bible reading, and reform, but they saw benefits in laborH

How long were the inmates allowed out of their cells in the Auburn Penitentiary

8 hours a day and work

Eastern State Penitentiary (1829)

In Philadelphia, had offenders in a single cell, with a bible and small things that they could build

What did they build in the Eastern State Penitentiary?

shows, wood working, and clothes

Spiritual Coat of Armor

all of the bad vices of the city would be repealed

What was the first problem of penitentiaries

overcrowding

What was the second problem of penitentiaries

people would return within a few months (recidivism)

Prisons in the South and West (post 1865)

After slavery was abolished, there were still plantations, racism, and this led to certain punishments within the south

A series of black codes were enacted

offensives were only specific to Black Americans; The punishment was through inmate leasing

Inmate Leasing

leased people to plantation owners through government funding

Who were plantation owners paying for

their people, did not matter who

Were prisons needed in the south?

no, there was no desire to build them

What were the punishments in the west?

There were fewer people, so it was vigilant punishment where people were getting justice for themselves

The Elmira Reformatory (1876)

The same idea of penitentiary, but realized they were targeting people when it was too late, so they changed their targets to younger people

Who did Elmira Reformatory target?

Teenagers and young adults

Did kids commit crimes to be sentenced to the Elmira Reformatory?

A lot of the kids did not commit a crime yet, but their environment could lead them to

The Decline of Rehabilitation Movement

Changes in public opinion; "get tough;" high recidivism rates; "nothing works

____ increase in budgets from 1980-present

600%
50 billion for correctional system
39 billion for prisons

____ increase in correctional population from 1980-present

500%
7 million under correctional control
2,570 people on death row
203,000 people serving life sentences

What is the most expensive part of the correction systems?

prisons

Most people who are in some kind of institution are in...

state prisons

The rate of incarceration within women has ...

increased

Incarceration rates of men are always...

higher

What is a jail?

A correctional facility run by an elected official (county sheriff) designed to house people during the pre-trial process and those individuals who have been sentenced in less than one year

Why are jails unique?

They are run by elected officials and are hybrid facilities

Hybrid Facilities

House two distinct populations; pretrial group and those found guilty and have been sentences less than one year

If a person is found guilty for 364 day or more, they will be sent to ...

state prisons

______ only houses people who have been convicted

The prison system

What makes a jail different from a prison

The prison system is incharge of a single person in that state or federal prison; sheriffs are in charge of local jails; counties are responsible for funding jails; states are responsible for funding prisons

Key differences within jails and prison

purpose, populations, attention, structure, politics

Who is the average person in jail?

a young, unmarried, African American male

How many jails are in the US?

3,100

___ per 100,000 people in jail

226

What is the average daily population within jails?

737,000

Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)

Sends a survey out every 5-7 years and ask about the current population within the jail

Challenges within the jail system:

Hybrid facilities, Sentenced groups, Budgets, Mental health

Pretrial Group

not yet been sentenced, which means meeting with the lawyers

What did the jails have to provide for pretrial groups?

transportations for the court hearings, a secured area where they are safe, soundproof, and isolated

What is the most dangerous time within the jail process?

booking process

Sentenced group

There for a long period of time and has a set release date; keeping the inmates is important for their safety and order of jail

Budgets

jails tend to not have enough money to operate properly; jails have to cut programming, education, and mental health services

Mental Health

most inmates have mental health issues and/or substance abuse issues; jails are responsible to diagnose and provide appropriate services to take care of these inmates

Jails are very unsteady, while prisons are...

well-funded and stable

What is solitary confinement?

a prison within a prison; a stand-alone prison or a designated wing within a prison; solitary confinement cells have one person in them

How long are people in their cells in solitary confinement?

21 and a half to 2 hours a day

What is the purpose of solitary confinement?

designed to remove that inmate from the general population temporary

Who decides to put inmates in solitary confinement?

the decision is made by the correctional systems

Why is there a hearing before the sending inmates to solitary confinement?

because of due process

Different types of solitary confinement:

SHU (security/special housing unit); restrictive housing; administrative segregation; disciplinary segregation; secure confinement (in Florida); protective custody

Who was initially supposed to be held in Solitary Confinement?

the worse of the worse, very violent, and continually a threat to others

What is the majority of solitary confinement today?

those are there for contraband, a positive drug test, ignoring guard orders, and/or using profanity

What kind of vulnerable people are sent to solitary confinement?

elderly, young adults, children who are sentenced as adults, LGTBQ+, inmates who are convicted of sexual assault

What type of inmates are overrepresented in solitary confinement cells?

gang members

The United Nations Nelson Mandela rules declare...

Solitary Confinement should be used as the last resort and for the least amount of time possible

The United Nations says anything more than...

15 days is considered torture

What are the goals of solitary confinement?

to endure order and let situations clam down

What are the Consequences of solitary confinement?

create or exacerbate mental illnesses

What type of illnesses come forward in solitary confinement?

loses peripheral vision, lose ability to hear certain noises, lose ability to see colors, lose ability to see depth, tend to get deficient in Vitamin D from lack of sunlight, tends to have fragile bones

United States penitentiary, Florence ADX

551 individual cells; not at capacity; inmates of federal felonies and impose threats to National security

Pelican Bay State Prison, California

Not designed to be Solitary Confinement

Who was involved in the Hunger Strikes?

Todd Ashker; Dewberry, R; Castellanos; Guillen A.

How did the Hunger Strike begin?

The inmates started talking to one another through the toilet systems, sent letters through the guards, and left notes in the exercise yard

How many inmates were involved n the Hunger Strike?

30,000 inmates throughout the California prisons

Louisiana State Penitentiary, Angola

the most violent prisons, the innate put on a rodeo for the public

The Angola Three

The longest-serving solitary confinement inmates in history; all of their convictions ended up being overturned

How long were the serving times in the Angola Three

2 of them for 29 years; 1 for 18 years

Dona Ana Country Detention Center, New Mexico

Police forgot about him, never finished the booking process, never charged, never had a haircut, never had his fingernails cut, lost a bunch of teeth, was in there for 22 months

Capital Punishment

the execution of somebody who has been convicted and sentenced to death

The federal levels that allow capital punishments are...

Treason and Terrorism

What is the oldest form of punishment in America?

Capital punishment

How many states do not have death penalties?

23

How many governors paused the current sentencing of the death penalties?

3

How many states allow the death penalties?

24

Who still has the death penalties?

the federal governments

How was the death penalty done?

by hanging in the public