bio 1 Chapter 1 Intro / biological Concepts / classifcation / evolution

what is Evolution

is the process of change that has transformed life on earth

what is sbiology

scientist study of life

how a single cell develops into an organism?

mitossis

emergent properties

result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system

emergent properties characterize nonbiological entities as for example:

a functioning bicycle emerges only when all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way

reductionism

is the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more managebale to study

reductionism example:

molecular structure of DNA

An understanfing of biology balances reductionism with the study of emergent properties, for example:

new understanding comes from studying the interactions of DNA with other molecules

every organism interacts with its environment including

nonliving factors and other organsims

both organisms and their environments are affected by the interactions between them, for example

a tree takes up water and minerals from the soill and carbon dioxide from the air; the tree releases oxygen to the air and roots help form soil

systems biology

constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems

the system approach poses questions such as:

how does a drug for blood pressure effect other organs?

how does increasing CO2 alter the biosphere

the dynammics of an ecosystem include two major processes

cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil

the flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers (photosynthesis)

name 2 examples of these dynamics of ecosystem cycles

1. decomposition

2. respiration precipitation, condensation, hydrogen cycle

what requires a source of energy?

work requires a source of energy

energy can be stored in different forms, for example

light, chemical, kinetic, or thermal

the energy exchange between an organism and its environment often involves?

energy transformations

energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as \______ and exiting as \_____

light / heat

structure and organisms are closely related, for example

a leaf is thin and flat, maximizing he capture of light by chloroplasts

the cell is the lowest level of

organization that can perform all activites required for life

All cells:

1. Are enclosed by \___
2. Use \___ as their genetic information

1. a membrane
2. DNA

the ability of cells to divide is the basis of

all reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms

the cell theory define a cell as

basic unit of life, life comes from life, all cells come from preexisting cells

exceptions to the cell theory are

• viruses

• first cell, mitochondria, chloroplasts

• cell organelles that have their own DNA

creators of cell theory

Matthias Schliden

theodore schwann (zoologist)

rudolph virchow (father of pathology ; viruses)

viruses, chloroplast are exception to cell theory

matthias schliden

animal cells

theodore schwann (zoo)

plant cells

antoni van leeuwenhoek

discovered cells, gave us microscope in 1600's

rudolph virchow

a whole organism does not get sick—only certain cells or groups of cells

Stanley miler

organic compounds including amino acids

robert brown

stained cells helped see nucleus due to stain (stain Brown color)

robert hooke

cork (spongy, skeleton) gave term "cell" reminded him of prison cells

cystoplasm is not

organelle it is a region

mitochondria is

powerhouse of cells

nucleus is

basic denses organelle in cell

a Eukaryotic cell has

membrane enclosed organelles the largest of which is usualy the nucleus / plants, animals, fungi (dont make own food, does not photosynthesis feed off host ), and all other forms of life are

prokaryotic cell is

simpler and usually smaller, does not contain a nucleus or other memrbrane enclosed organelles / bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic;

kingdoms of prokaryotic cell

monera

chromosomes contain most of a cells genetic material in the form of

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid )

DNA is the substance of

genes(coded)

genes are the units of

inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

each chromosome has

one long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes

dna is inherited by

offspring from their parents

dna controls the development and maintenance of

organisms

each dna molecule is made up of

2 long chains arranged in a double helix

each link of a chain is one of four kinds of chemical building blocks called

nucleotides

examples of dna link chains

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

genes control

protein production indirectly

dna is transcribed into

RNA then translated into a protein

an organisms \______ genome is the entire set of genetic instructions

genome

the human genome and those of many other organisms have been sequenced using

dna sequencing machines

knowledge of a cells genes and proteins can be integrated using

a systems approach

advances in systems biology at the cellular and molecular level depend on

• "high-throughout" technology, which yields enormous amounts of data

• Bioinformatics

• interdisciplinary research teams

what is bioinformatics?

which is the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data

feed back mechanisms allow

biological processes

negative feedback means

more of a product accumulates the process that creates it slow and less of the product is produced

ex: eat candy bar blood sugar goes up and down

positive feedback means

more of a product accumulates the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced

ex: could be a clot, child birth

"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution"

Theodosius Dobzhansky

evolution unifies

biology at different scales of size throughout the history of life on earth

approximately \____ species have been identified and named to date, and thousands more are identified each year

1.8 million

taxonomy ___

branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of inc.

Taxonomy kingdoms

• domain

• kingdom

• phylum

• class

• order

• family

• genus

• species

domains followed by kingdoms are the

broadest units of classification

the 3 domain system is currently

used and replaces the old 5 kingdom system

domain bacteria and domain archae compromise the

prokaryotes

domain eukarya includes all

eukaryotic organisms

the domain eukarya includes 3 multicellular kingdoms

plantae, fungi, and animalia

other eukaryotic organisms were formerly group into a kingdom called?

protista, though these are now often grouped into many separate kingdoms

a striking unity underlies the diversity of life for example,

• DNA

• unity is evident in many features of cell structure

DNA ___

universal genetic language common to all organisms

charles darwin

father of evolution

fossils and other evidence document the

evolution of life on earth over billions of years

Darwin observed that

• individuals in a population have traits that vary

• -many of these traits are heritable (passed from parents to offspring)

• -more offspring are produced than survive (fish)

• -competition is inevitable (food)

• species generally suit their environment (cactus)

Charles Darwin published on the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859, what were 2 points that were made?

- species showed evidence of "descent with modification " from common ancestors
- natural selection is the mechanism behind "descent with modification

Darwin inferred that

• individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

• overtime, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits

• in other words, the natural environment "selects" for beneficial traits

natural selection is often evident in

adaptations of organisms to their way of life and environment

bat wings are an example of

adaptation

"unity in diversity" arises from "descent with modification" for example

-the fore limb of the bat, human, horse and the whale flipper share a common skeletal architecture

fossils provide additional evidence of

anatomical unity from descent with modification

darwin proposed that natural selection could cause an ancestral species to give rise to 2 or more descendent species for example,

the finch species of the Gala Pagos Islands

evolutionary relationships are often

illustrated with tree-like diagrams that show ancestors and their descendants

the word science is derived from latin and means

to know

inquiry

is the search for information and explanation

there are two main types of scientific inquiry:

discovery science and hypothesis based science

what does discovery science describe?

natural structures and processes / this approach is based on observation and the analysis of data

data

recorded observation or items of information

data falls into 2 categories

1. qualitative
2. quantitative

qualitative

descriptions rather than measurements

quantitative

recorded measurements, which are sometimes organized into table and graphs

2 individuals that explain what makes us, us (scientist for DNA)

Watson and crick

what is inductive reasoning

draws conclusions through the logical process of induction

repeat specific observations can lead to

important generalizations / for ex: “the sun always rises in the east”

obeservations can lead us to ask questions and propose hypothetical explanations called

hypotheses

a ___ is a tentative answer to a well framed question

hypothesis

a scientific hypothesis leads to

predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation

are scientific hypothesis and hypothesis are

testable

hypothesis example

• observation: your flashlight doesnt work

• question: why doesnt your flashlight work?

• hypothesis 1: the batteries are dead

• hypothesis 2: the bulb is burnt out

__ uses general premises to make specific predictions

deductive reasoning

for example of deductive reasoning,

if organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2) then humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction)

a hypothesis must be testable and

falsifiable