exam 4

The nervous system:

works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis

communicates with the body via action potentials (nerve impulses).

is responsible for perceptions and behaviors.

initiates voluntary movements.

all of these are correct.

all of these are correct.

The autonomic nervous system is part of the

PNS
SNS
CNS
two of above
All of these.

PNS

What is the function(s) of the nervous system?

detecting stimuli
processing information
sending a response to muscles or glands
all of these choices

all of these choices

The dendrites of a neuron

are the main receiving region of a neuron
secrete neurotransmitters
conduct impulses toward another neuron
do not carry potentials, only axons do

are the main receiving region of a neuron

At a synapse, the neuron sending the signal towards the synapse is called the \_______ neuron.

axoaxonic
axodendritic
postsynaptic
presynaptic

presynaptic

Graded potentials:

-arise when ion movement causes a minor change in the resting membrane potential.

-usually propagate down the length of an axon.

-occur when voltage-gated channels open.

-are most often observed in axons.

arise when ion movement causes a minor change in the resting membrane potential

Which statement is NOT true about electrical synapses?

they allow the movement of ion through desmosomes

they allow rapid communication between cells.

they allow the movement of ion through desmosomes

they are found in heart muscle

they allow the movement of ion through desmosomes

Typically graded potentials occur in the...

axon terminal
axon
myelin sheath
dendrites and cell body

dendrites and cell body

Rabies virus and tetanus toxin use retrograde transport to travel backward along axons to reach the neuronal cell body. Retrograde transport is a type of slow axonal transport.

True
Correct Answer False

False

If three depolarizing graded potentials and two hyperpolarizing graded potentials occur in a dendrite at the same instant, what is the summation of their potentials equivalent to?

one hyperpolarizing graded potential
five graded potentials
one depolarizing graded potential
no potential at all

one depolarizing graded potential

How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft?

Diffusion
Enzymatic degradation
Uptake by cells
All of these choices

All of these choices

Which of the following ions pass through the resting neuronal cell membrane most easily?

sodium
phosphate
calcium
potassium

potassium

Sensory impulses are carried to the central nervous system by

interneurons
motor neurons
efferent neurons
afferent neurons

afferent neurons

A resting nerve fiber is polarized because the concentration of

Na+ and K+ ions is higher on the inside of the cell membrane

Na+ and K+ ions is higher outside the cell membrane

Na+ is higher on the inside and K+ is higher on the outside

Na+ is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside

Na+ is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside

At the neuromuscular junction, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is

inhibitory.

excitatory.

either excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the skeletal muscle

neither excitatory nor inhibitory

excitatory.

Multiple sclerosis involves a progressive destruction of the neuron's \___.

myelin sheath
axon
dendrites
cell body

myelin sheath

Which organelle is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons?

mitochondria
nucleus
a Nissl body
microtubules

a Nissl body

Which type of central nervous system tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells?

Gray matter
White matter
Nissl bodies

Gray Matter

When a graded potential summates to threshold at the axon hillock,

voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

voltage-gated K+ channels open rapidly.

voltage-gated Ca++ channels open rapidly.

voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

An excitatory neurotransmitter \_____ the postsynaptic membrane.

depolarizes
repolarizes
hyperpolarizes

depolarizes

Which of the following types of neurons is found in the precentral gyrus?

bipolar neuron
Purkinje cells
pyramidal cells

pyramidal cells

Wallerian degeneration refers to

break of Nissl bodies after neural injury.

degeneration of the proximal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury.

degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury.

degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury.

Which electrical signal can allow for rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system?

resting potential
graded potential
nerve action potential

nerve action potential

In an action potential, the electric current that flows is generated by the movement of \_____ across the membrane.

electrons
protons
ions

ions

Acetylcholine is \_________at the neuromuscular junctions and \________ at cardiac muscle in the parasympathetic pathway.

excitatory; inhibitory
excitatory; excitatory
inhibitory; inhibitory

excitatory; inhibitory

The spinal cord ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. This area is called the:

filum terminale
lumbar enlargement
conus medullaris
cauda equina

conus medullaris

Spinal nerve C8 exits between which two vertebrae:

C6-C7
C7 and T1
C7-T12

C7 and T1

A mixed spinal nerve has:

a dorsal and posterior root
two sizes of neurons
a sensory and an afferent component
a posterior and anterior root

a posterior and anterior root

Which of the following are sensory tracts:

lateral spinothalamic and lateral corticospinal

posterior columns and vestibulospinal

posterior spinocerebellar and lateral corticospinal

anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns

anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the operation of a stretch reflex?

It is an ipsilateral reflex.
An example of a stretch reflex is the patellar reflex.
It is a polysynaptic reflex.

It is a polysynaptic reflex.

Injury to the common fibular(peroneal) nerve results in a condition known as:

thoracic outlet syndrome
winged scapula
foot drop

foot drop

The white matter of the spinal cord is:

in center of spinal cord

located around the outside the grey matter.

composed of interneuron

located around the outside the grey matter.

Which nerve from the cervical plexus causes contraction of the diaphragm?

Lesser occipital
Transverse cervical
Phrenic

Phrenic

The ulnar nerve arises from which plexus?

cervical
lumbar
brachial

brachial

A monosynaptic reflex arc is the simplest type of reflex arc.

True
False

True

The crossed extensor reflex is created in response to pain

True
False

True

A reflex arc that involves more than one region of the spinal cord is defined as

polysynaptic
contralateral
ipsilateral
intersegmental

intersegmental

A reflex arc that contains at least one association neuron is defined as

polysynaptic
contralateral
ipsilateral

polysynaptic

Which structure listed contains cerebrospinal fluid?

epidural space
subarachnoid space
subdural space

subarachnoid space

The nerves that supply the thigh and calf of leg emerge from the

lumbar enlargement
filum terminale
cervical enlargement

lumbar enlargement

If the dorsal root of the spinal cord were severed the patient would have the following below the level of the lesions

loss of pain and temperature sense

loss of light tough and vibratory sense

loss of motor function

a and b

b and c

a and b

Sensory information travels to the brain via

Ascending tracts
Descending tracts
Anterior roots
none of these

Ascending tracts

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc monitors the rectus femoris muscle stretching?

Sensory receptor
Effector
Interneuron

Sensory receptor

Excitation of the quadriceps femoris group and inhibition of the hamstring group is termed \_______ innervation.

reciprocal
Intersegmental
contralateral

reciprocal

The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves is called

microtome.
dermatome.
fascicle.

dermatome.

You are assessing reflexes in a patient and determine that they are normal. How you record your findings?

0
1+
2+
3+
4+

2+

You stroke the plantar surface of the patients foot with the handle of your reflex hammer. What type of reflex are you stimulating?

Strech
monosynaptic
polysynaptic

polysynaptic

You are doing your emergency room rotation and a car accident victim is unresponsive and posturing. This is evidence of \_____?

spinal cord injury
epilepsy
brain stem injury

brain stem injury

Anatomically which is more distal regarding the nerves of the brachial plexus?

Branch
Cord
Divison
Trunk

Branch

You notice wrist droop in your patient during physical examination. This is likely evidence of which of the following?

median nerve injury
radial nerve injury
ulnar nerve injury

radial nerve injury

If the thoracic spine were crushed at the level of T4, you would expect which of the following?

quadraplegia
paraplegia
diplegia

paraplegia

Stimulating a tendon reflex would likely result in?

feedback to control tension in muscle

ipsilateral reflex

inhibition of muscle under stress

stimulation of a polysynaptic reflex

all of these

all of these

Which statement best describes the location of the cerebellum?

anterior to cerebrum and anterior to brain stem

superior to cerebrum and posterior to brainstem

posterior to brainstem and inferior to cerebrum

posterior to brainstem and inferior to cerebrum

Which statement is false in reference to the cranial meninges?

have the same basic structure as the spinal meninges

are continuous with the spinal meninges

have three layers of the dura mater

have three layers of the dura mater

Cerebral spinal fluid is produced in which structure(s)?

choroid plexuses
cerebral aqueduct
arachnoid villi
arachnoid granulation

choroid plexuses

Which statement about the cerebellum is true?

tracts of gray matter within it are called arbor vitae

the cerebellar peduncles attach it to the cerebrum

the cerebellar lobes are also called tentorium cer\`ebelli

its prime function is to 'fine tune' motor function

its prime function is to 'fine tune' motor function

Which of the following is true of the thalamus?

relay station for olfaction

it precisely locates sensations of pain, temperature, pressure, and sound

it is the major relay center for just motor impulses

it is a component of the diencephalon

it is a component of the diencephalon

A projection tract is one which:

consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses to or from the cerebrum

consists of axons that conduct impulses between ipsilateral gyri

includes the corpus callosum as an example

is also known as a commissural tract

consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses to or from the cerebrum

The primary visual area is located in which lobe of the brain?

frontal
occipital
parietal
flocculonodular

occipital

Subtle anatomical and functional differences between each hemisphere in the brain is called:

lobular specialization
global differentiation
hemispheric lateralization

hemispheric

Which statement is true regarding cranial nerves?

they all contain sensory and motor axons

there are 31 pairs

they pass through intervertebral foramina

they are part of the peripheral nervous system

they are part of the peripheral nervous system

From which brain vesicle does the medulla oblongata develop?

myelencephalon
metencephalon
mesencephalon
telencephalon

myelencephalon

As one ages, reflex times increase and brain mass declines.

True
False

True

Which cranial nerve does NOT have somatic motor fibers that control the extraocular muscles? Check all that apply!

III
IV
V
VI

V

Which of the following is a function of the vagus nerve?

it supplies cardiac muscle and decreases heart rate

it carries taste and somatic sensation from the epiglottis and pharynx

it carries information about blood pressure, blood pH and stretch in respiratory structures

it controls the muscles involved in swallowing, coughing and voice production

All of these.

All of these.

The brain and spinal cord develop from the \_____ neural tube.

mesodermal
endodermal
ectodermal
all of the above

ectodermal

Which of the following brain structures consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain?

Brainstem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon

Brainstem

Which of the following brain structures consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus?

Brainstem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon

Diencephalon

The falx cerebri may be found in what plane

mid sagittal
frontal
transverse
obliques

mid sagittal

Cerebrospinal fluid passes through what structure in the midbrain as it moves from the third to the fourth ventricle

Lateral ventricle
Septum pellucidum
Venticular foramen
Aqueduct of the midbrain

Aqueduct of the midbrain

Small projections extending into the dural venous sinuses that reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid into the blood?

Choroid plexuses
Microvilli
Aperatures
Arachnoid villi

Arachnoid villi

Which region of the brain contains the pontine respiratory group that help control breathing?

medulla oblongata
mid brain
pons
thalamus

pons

Which portion of the cerebellum contributes to equilibrium and balance?

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Floculonodular lobe

Floculonodular lobe

Which region of the brain is separated by the third ventricle and projects most sensory information (except olfaction) to the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem?

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Midbrain

Thalamus

The hypothalamus affects which functions in the body?

Hunger and thirst
Reflexes related to smell
Emotional behavior
Body temperature
Control of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system
all of these

all of these

Arousal and attention are influenced by the\______ ?

Reticular activating system
Substantia nigra
Cerebral peduncles
Putamen

Reticular activating system

Which of the following conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Association tracts
Projection tracts
Commissural tracts

Commissural tracts

Which functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for the ability to form words?

Broca's area
Primary visual area
Common integrative area

Broca's area

An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain waves primarily generated by the

pons
medulla oblongata.
thalamus
cerbral cortex

cerbral cortex

The central sulcus of the cerebrum separates the\_____.

two cerebral hemispheres
frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Eating disorders may lead to extreme thirst and temperature variations. These symptoms may describe a dysfunction in the

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Medulla oblongata
Pons

Hypothalamus

The body parts represented by the largest area on the somatosensory map are the:

legs
fingers
knee
trunk

fingers

The direct motor pathways are also called the pyramidal pathways

True
False

True

The lateral corticospinal tracts are a component of the direct motor pathways

True
False

True

Which of the following is not a function of the cerebellum?

monitors actual movement
provides movement corrections
monitors intentions for movement
initiates movement

initiates movement

Which stimulus does not stimulate the reticular activating system (RAS)?

an alarm clock
pain
bright light
smoke

smoke

Memory is best defined as:

the capability for change while learning
the way in which information is stored and retrieved

the way in which information is stored and retrieved

Awareness of body position is

thermoregulation.
kinesthesia.
proprioception.

proprioception.

Corticospinal pathways that decussate in the

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Thalamus
Midbrain

Medulla oblongata

A disorder that affects the basal nuclei would have what affect?

loss of memory
resting motor abnormality
loss of sensation

resting motor abnormality

Loss of dopamine production in the substantia nigra is associated with

Parkinson's disease
Aphasia
Cerebral Palsy

Parkinson's disease

Which of the following stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is considered the deepest level of sleep?

I
II
III
IV
V

IV

If spinal cord injury occurred to the spinothalamic tract,

Ipsilateral cutaneous sensations would be lost

Contralateral cutaneous sensations would be lost

Ipsilateral proprioception sensations would be lost

Contralateral proprioception sensations would be lost

Contralateral cutaneous sensations would be lost

What is the final "common" pathway for providing neural output to skeletal muscles?

lower motor neuron
upper motor neuron
extra pyramidal
local nerual circuits

lower motor neuron

Flaccid paralysis is associated with \_________ lesions and is \______________ .

lower motor neuron, ipsilateral
upper motor neuron, contralateral
upper motor neuron, ipsilateral
lower motor neuron, contralateral

lower motor neuron, ipsilateral

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is

progress degenerative disorder

affects motor neurons in the lateral white columns

affects lower motor neurons

known as Lou Gehrig disease

all of tthese

progress degenerative disorder

What sensor input is important for regulation posture?

visual input
vestibular input
proprioception
all of these

all of these

90% of the axons decussate in the medulla oblongata in the direct motor pathways

True
False

True

Plasticity of the nervous system means the ability to

regenerate after being damaged.
convert stimulus into an action potential.
change based on experience.

change based on experience.

Which lobe of the cerebrum is found deep to the other four lobes and thus cannot be observed from the surface?

frontal
occipital
parietal
insula

insula