test 8

Which of these established ways of living or thinking was challenged by the Atlantic revolutions?

aristocratic privilege

Some scholars have come to think of the century or so from the early eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century as a global period of

world crisis

Who was the highly successful French general who in the early nineteenth century created the largest empire in Europe since the days of the Romans?

Napoleon Bonaparte

Which of the following was a result of growing nationalist sentiment in the nineteenth century?

Poles and Ukrainians became more aware of their oppression within the Russian Empire.

The Atlantic revolutions occurred in the context of

weakening states

Until the mid-eighteenth century the British government

paid little attention to its North American colonies because it was distracted by its own internal conflicts and wars in Europe.

Which of the following was a subject of debate among supporters of nationalism?

Whether the nation was best identified in terms of territory or in terms of race

Which of the following was an important long-term impact of the Atlantic revolutions?

Widespread efforts to abolish slavery in the Atlantic world

Which of the following was a factor in why Spanish colonies won their independence almost 50 years later than the colonies of British North America?

Deep divisions based on race, class, and region meant that independence movements in Latin America were slowed by fear of social rebellion from below.

One outcome of the emancipation of slaves in the Caribbean was

the migration of large numbers of indentured servants from India and China to work in the Caribbean.

At the heart of the Atlantic revolutionary agenda was the idea that

human political and social arrangements could be engineered, and improved, by human action.

What factor led to a more open social life in the American colonies than in Europe?

Ready availability of land following the dispossession of Native Americans

What was the only slaveholding society to bring an end to slavery through a bitter, prolonged, and highly destructive civil war?

The United States

The Atlantic revolutions were distinctive from comparable upheavals elsewhere in the world during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries because they

were closely connected to one another through a shared set of ideas.

What best describes the result of Napoleon's conquest and reform of European lands?

The conquered accepted many of the reforms but revolted against French control.

Which of the following is true of the response to serfdom in Russia?

The Russian tsar freed serfs in his country in part because of fear of rebellion and moral concerns.

An important long-term impact of the Atlantic revolutions was

a concerted movement in many countries to secure greater equality for women.

Which of the following is a reason that the Spanish American revolutions took longer and were more difficult than the American Revolution?

Divisions between creoles and Native Americans

Which of the following is true of feminist movements outside the West in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

In China some modernists supported education and a higher status for women.

Which of the following was an important long-term impact of the Atlantic revolutions?

The emergence of nationalism as a defining political ideology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

What great fear drove the Latin American creole elites to pursue independence and political change?

They feared that social unrest among the lower classes and nonwhites would get out of control.

How did successful and unsuccessful slave uprisings in the early nineteenth century sway British public opinion on the issue of slavery?

The rebellions showed that slaves were not "contented" but rather were brutally oppressed, and this persuaded the British public to support the abolition of slavery.

How did Enlightenment thinkers contribute to the Atlantic revolutions?

Most Enlightenment thinkers advocated the concept of popular sovereignty.

In what way were the experiences of women in the French and Spanish American revolutions similar?

In both cases women participated in the revolutions, taking active roles in support of revolutionary activities.

Which of the following reflects nationalism beyond the Euro-American world in the nineteenth century?

Nationalism gained broad support in Egypt and Japan

Which of the following is true of abolitionists in the first part of the nineteenth century?

They boycotted slave-produced sugar.

A distinctive feature of the Atlantic revolutions as compared to other upheavals of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was

the establishment of republican governments in the place of monarchies

How did Napoleon spread the seeds of the French Revolution across Europe and Russia?

By conquering most of Europe and instituting reforms similar to those in France

Which of the following was a factor that contributed to the growth of nationalism in Europe as a powerful political and personal identity in the nineteenth century?

The undermining of older identities that resulted from Europe's modern transformation

One argument put forth in support of abolition was that

slavery was a crime in the sight of God.

Which of the following questions generated endless controversy among Atlantic revolutionaries?

What kind of government best ensured freedom?

The Atlantic revolutions caused which of the following developments?

The emergence of a modernizing regime in Egypt and of westernizing reforms in the Ottoman Empire

Which of the following was a distinguishing characteristic of the French Revolution?

The French Revolution produced a profound social upheaval.

What impact did Napoleon Bonaparte have on the French revolution as leader of France from 1799 to 1814?

He kept the revolution's emphasis on social equality for men but dispensed with liberty.

How did the wealthy and poor white populations on Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) interpret the French Revolution's emphasis on equality and liberty?

The wealthy whites believed the principles of the French revolution applied only to them; poor whites believed they applied to all whites but not to blacks.

Which of the following was an important long-term impact of the Atlantic revolutions?

The expression of ideas of human equality by feminist, socialist, and communist movements

Which of the following was a distinctive feature of the Atlantic revolutions?

The Atlantic revolutions' immense long-term global impact

Which of the following was an important outcome of the emancipation of slaves?

Where land was available, many freedmen sought economic autonomy on their own land.

Which of the following was a result of growing nationalist sentiment in the nineteenth century?

The Irish seeking home rule and separation from Great Britain

What made the moral arguments against slavery more widely acceptable in the nineteenth century?

Slavery was no longer necessary for a strong economy.

An important long-term impact of the Atlantic revolutions was

the extension of voting rights and the development of constitutions in regions in which the ideas of the Atlantic revolutions were adopted.

Which of the following best characterizes the course that the French Revolution followed between 1789 and 1794?

Increasing radicalization and use of violence by revolutionaries

A distinctive feature of the Atlantic revolutions as compared to other upheavals of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was

the influence of Enlightenment ideas on participants.

Which of the following states made important gains in the second wave of European conquests?

Belgium

What effect did nineteenth-century imperialism have on migration in colonized lands?

Imperialism led to the migration of millions of indigenous workers to work in mines or on European-
financed plantations.

Which innovation in 1869 made it much easier and quicker for Europeans to reach Asia?

Completion of the Suez Canal

What role did Hindu leaders such as Swami Vivekananda see for Indian spirituality in the face of western
culture?

They believed Indian spiritual beliefs could save the West from its own dangerous materialism.

The European takeover of most of Africa is known as

the "Scramble for Africa."

Cultural reactions of indigenous peoples to European rule included

cooperation with the imperial power by many members of the indigenous ruling classes.

Which of the following statements is true about gender attitudes in nineteenth-century imperialism?

European colonizers took pride in their "active masculinity" and defined subject peoples as soft and
effeminate.

Which of the following was a reason for Europe's colonial expansion in the long nineteenth century?

The need for markets to sell European manufactured products

What is a Maxim gun?

An automatic machine gun

Which East Asian country "joined the imperialist club" in the nineteenth century by seizing control of
colonies?

Japan

Which colony can be described as suffering from a reign of terror in which millions of natives were forced to
produce products for a European market and were killed and mutilated?

The Congo Free State

Which of the following was a reason for the increasing sense of "African identity" that had developed by the
end of the nineteenth century?

Africans from many states increasingly felt a sense of common experience in the face of colonial
oppression.

Why did ordinary Europeans come to care whether their country gained new territories around the globe?

Many Europeans became swept up in mass nationalism.

In what way could imperialism solve class conflicts within industrializing Europe?

By providing markets for European manufactured goods and thus keeping workers within Europe
fully employed

How were such small numbers of Europeans able to govern such huge and populous territories?

By reinforcing the power of local rulers and thus earning their loyalty

In what way was the nineteenth-century European notion of empire distinctive from earlier empires in world
history?

It included much greater penetration into the daily lives of subject peoples.

Which of the following best characterizes the response of most Asian and African societies to European
conquests in the nineteenth century?

The responses covered a wide range, from active resistance to accommodation.

How did colonial economies in Africa change the role of women?

New colonial economies led to a great increase in women's workload in providing subsistence for
their families.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between European colonial policies
and core political values at home?

Europeans did not spread their political values in any meaningful way to their colonies.

Why did Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii become settler colonies, in which Europeans became the vast
majority of the population?

The native population in these places had been largely destroyed by European disease.

Which of the following is a good example of a "settler colony" in the nineteenth century?

Australia

When European imperialists attacked, what was the fate of decentralized societies that did not have a strong
ruler or government, such as the small kingdoms and chiefdoms of West Africa?

They faced protracted, brutal warfare and mass destruction, village by village.

In which of the following ways did the colonial experience change the attitudes of colonized peoples?

It led many people to embrace European culture, in particular the elites.

Which of the following statements is true about European imperialism?

It led to European secular arrogance, as Europeans grew to despise the peoples they dominated.

In what ways did the new category of "tribe" benefit many Africans?

It gave them a support network when they had to migrate for work.

What is "social Darwinism"?

A belief that superior Europeans will inevitably destroy or displace "unfit" races

Which of the following was a significant challenge to the spread of Christianity in Europe's colonies?

Resistance to attempts to impose Christian cultural attitudes, including in matters of sexuality

What was the Boer War (1899-1902)?

A South African war between Britain and the descendants of Dutch settlers

Which of the following statements is true about colonial economies in the long nineteenth century?

The economic position of farmers and artisans was badly eroded.

Which of the following were used to underpin European racism in the nineteenth century?

"Scientific" methods that appeared to prove that European brains are larger than those of people in
other parts of the world.

What was the significance of the opium trade in China in the nineteenth century?

It reversed the trade imbalance in favor in Britain

Which of the following was a consequence of the Taiping Uprising?

The provincial gentry consolidating their power at the expense of the central state

Which of the following reflects the goal of the policies introduced by the Chinese state in the 1860s and 1870s to address the problems facing China?

To reinvigorate China by selectively borrowing from the West

Critics of industrialization who argue that the Industrial Revolution was a failure generally base their interpretation which of the following criterion?

Preservation of the environment

Which of the following contributed to China's problems in the nineteenth century?

The state's failure to maintain flood control and public security

Islam retained a hold on its civilization in the twentieth century more firmly than Confucianism did in china because Islamic civilizaiton

had many independent centers

Which of the following was an anti-foreign movement that erupted in northern China at the turn of the twentieth century and seriously weakened the Qing dynasty?

The Boxer Uprising

What was a result of the reform program launched by the Japanese leadership in the late nineteenth century?

A dramatic transformation of the social structure of Japan

What did the Young Turks advocate?

A militantly secular Turkish national state

Which of the following was a target for attack in the new nationalism that emerged in China at the turn of the twentieth century?

The Qing dynasty

What could countries with a sphere of influence in China do within their respective spheres?

Build railroads

The capitulations between European countries and the Ottoman Empire were similar to

the unequal treaties between European countries and China

Which of the following contributed to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century?

Nationalists-inspired independence movement in Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania

In what respect were Qing China and the Ottoman Empire similar in the nineteenth century?

Both were semi-colonies within the informal empires of Europe

How did Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 affect the Ottoman Empire?

The Ottoman Empire lost Egypt as a province

Which of the following was a goal of the Young Ottomans?

The establishment of a European-style democratic, constitutional regime

In the nineteenth century, which group in the Ottoman Empire advocated a program of radical secularization and modernization along European lines?

Young Turks

Which was the only country outside of Europe and North America to successfully launch its own Industrial Revolution?

Japan

The many rules and regulations issued by the Tokugawa shogunate reflect its goal to

freeze Japanese society in the interests of stability

Which of the following reflects the combination for foreign and Japanese elements characteristic of Meiji reforms in the late nineteenth century?

The urbanization of Japanese society

What did the United States expect to gain by sending a naval fleet to Japan in 1853?

The opening of Japanese ports for trade

How did leadership that emerged after the Meji restoration in Japan respond to the threat of Western imperialism?

They used Western models to transform Japan

In what way was Japan in a better position than China or the Ottoman Empire in its encounter with Western imperialism?

Japan was of less interest to the Western powers

Which of the following reflects the combination of foreign and Japanese elements characteristic of Meji forms in the late nineteenth century?

The Meji constitution

Which of the following events established Japan as an economic, political, and military competitor in Asia?

The Ruso-Japanese War

All of these could be considered "signs" of a patriarchal society except

divorce laws that split right equally between men and women

According to the reading "Family Instructions for the Miu Lineage" all would be considered to be the first tenets of a person's good character except

to be consumed by current customs