Bio Chapter 28-29

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

Cerebrum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

Cerebellum

Connection to spinal cord; controls basic life functions

brain stem

controls reflexes

midbrain

regulates breathing

pons

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

medulla oblongata

a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain

spinal cord

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements

somatic nervous system

A division of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary movement

autonomic nervous system

controls fight or flight response

sympathetic nervous system

controls rest and digest

parasympathetic nervous system

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

frontal lobe

receives sensory input for touch and body position

parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

occipital lobe

Occurs when more drug is needed to produce an effect

Tolerance

more neurotransmitters that leads to fewer receptors

Desensitization

less neurotransmitters leads to more receptors

Sensitization

drugs that cause more action potentials

Stimulants

drugs that cause fewer action potentials

depressants

Units of the body that contain the hormones

glands

Chemical messengers

hormones

enter the target cells and stimulate the making of proteins

steroid hormones

hormones that don't enter the cell and stimulate enzyme production

nonsteroid hormones

directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus hormones

releasing and inhibiting hormones

pituitary gland

the endocrine system's most influential gland; regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

pituitary gland hormones

Growth and antidiuretic hormones

parathyroid glands

small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues;

thymus gland

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

thymus hormones

thymosin

adrenal hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)

adrenal glands

glands that help the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies

pineal gland

controls rhythmic activities

Pineal hormones

melatonin

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

thyroid hormone

thyroxine

Pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Pancreas hormones

insulin and glucagon

ovary

female reproductive organ that develops eggs and the uterus

Ovary hormones

estrogen and progesterone

testis

male reproductive organ that produces sperm and hormones

testis hormones

testosterone

releasing hormones

chemical that stimulates other glands to release their hormones

cells that develop into different types of specialized structures

stem cells

committing to become one cell type

determination

acquiring specialized structures and functions

differentiation

cells that perform specific tasks

specialized cells

different tissues working together

organs

two or more organs working together

organ systems

all organ systems working together

organism

heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

Circulatory system major tissues and organs

transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes; helps regulate body temperature; collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to the circulatory system

Circulatory system primary function

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, liver

Digestive system major tissues and organs

breaks down and absorbs nutrients, salts, and water; eliminates some wastes

Digestive system primary function

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes

Endocrine system major tissues and organs

influences growth, development, metabolism; helps maintain homeostasis

Endocrine system major functions

skin, lungs, kidneys, bladder

Excretory system major tissues and organs

eliminates waste products; helps maintain homeostasis

Excretory system primary function

white blood cells, thymus, spleen

Immune system major tissues and organs

protects against disease; stores and generates white blood cells

Immune system primary function

skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

Integumentary system major tissues and organs

acts as a barrier against infection, injury, UV radiation; helps regulate body temperature

Integumentary system primary function

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles

Muscular system major tissue and organs

produces voluntary and involuntary movements; helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system

Muscular system primary function

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Nervous system major organs and tissues

regulates body's response to changes in internal and external environment; processes information

Nervous system primary functions

male: testes, penis, associated ducts and glands female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

Reproductive system major tissues and organs

produces reproductive cells; in females, provides environment for embryo

Reproductive system primary function

nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

Respiratory system major tissues and organs

brings in O2 for cells; expels CO2 and water vapor

Respiratory system primary function

bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

Skeletal system major tissues and organs

supports and protects vital organs; allows movement; stores minerals; serves as the site for red blood cell production

Skeletal system primary functions

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Homeostasis

gather information about conditions inside and outside of the body

sensors/receptors

processes the signal and sends instructions

control center

delivers messages to target organs, tissues

communication system

respond to change

target

A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

negative feedback loop

Causes a system to change further in the same direction.

positive feedback loop

How can homeostasis be harmful?

sensors fail, targets do not receive messages, injury, illness

disruption that usually causes little or no harm

short term disruption

disruption that can cause more damage

long term disruption

a signal to which an organism responds

stimulus

controls thoughts, movement, and emotion

nervous system

controls growth, development, and digestion

endocrine system

How does the nervous system work?

the nervous system works quickly, using chemical and electrical signals

brain and spinal cord

Central Nervous System (CNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How does the endocrine system work?

It works slowly with only chemical signals that move through the bloodstream.

cell body, dendrites, axon

Parts of a neuron

Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm

cell body

receive messages from other cells

Dendrites

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

axon

produce myelin in PNS

Schwann cells

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

myelin sheath

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.

Synapse

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

axon terminal

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane

resting potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

action potential