Animal Bio Final

Phylum Hemichordata

\-triploblastic -unsegemented -bilaterally symmetrical -soft/fragile

Deuterostomes

animals who's anuses formed before their mouth during embryonic development

Pharyngeal gill slits or pouches

filtering respiratory organs; found in all chordata, sometimes only in embryos

Enteropneusta

hemichordate "acorn worms," invertebrate coelomate

Proboscis

the first section of the hemichordate body (protosome)

Collar

second section of hemichordate body (mesosome)

Trunk

third section of hemichordate body (metasome)

Deposit feeder vs Suspension feeder

deposit: move along surface, ingests sediment suspension: feeds on material suspended in water

Tornaria larva

planktonic larva of some species of hemichordata (ex. acorn worm)

Pterobranchia

class within hemichordata, worm-like, colonial fliter-feeders

Colony

a group of organisms of one species that live and interact closely with each other

Budding

a form of asexual reproduction that is accomplished by breaking off the adult's body

Phylum Chordata

\-notochord -a dorsal nerve cord -pharyngeal gill silts -post-anal tail -endostyle/thyroid gland (found in all, but some only in embryo)

Coelom

body cavity, located between the intestinal canal and the body wall

Metamerism

segmentation; the linear series of body segments, such as in tapeworms, earthworms, insects, etc.

Cephalization

the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body

Notochord

a cartilagious skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonia and some adult chordate animals

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

a dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord of a chordate

Pharyngeal slits or pouches - functions

filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates and hemichordates (found in chordate embryos)

Endostyle (Thyroid gland)

a pair of parallel longitudinal folds projecting into the pharyngeal cavity in lower chordates that secrete mucus for trapping food particles

Postanal tail

a muscular region o the body that extends posterior to the anus

Subphylum Urochordata

\-tunicate -sessile, filter-feeding -marine only -nerve cord & notochord, lost during metamorphosis

Tunic or test

surrounds urochordata, contains cellulose (tunicin)

Siphons

tube-like structures in which water flows through

Hermaphroditic Larva vs Adult

reproduce by cross-fertilization

Metamorphosis

(urochordates) the notochord and the tail disappears

Subphylum Cephalochordata

\-notochord throughout life -a hollow dorsal nerve cord -pharyngeal gill slits -marine -segmented body -caudal fin

Myomere

segmented muscles, found in fishes, amphibians, etc.

Atriopore

the hole in a lancelet through which water exits the body

Amphioxus

a lancelet, marine invertebrate chordate

Subphylum Vertebrata

\-distinctive endoskeleton (notochord replaced with cartilage or bone) -cranium -smooth, skeletal, & cardiac muscle tissue -muscularized digestive tract -three-lobed brain

Endoskeleton

internal skeleton

Craniata

a skull with hard bone or cartilage

Endocrine system

body system regulating hormones

Ectothermic vs Endothermic

cold blood, relies on outside temp vs warmblood, regulates temp on inside

Paired sense organs

eyes, ears, nose, etc.

Parthenogenesis

reproduction without fertilization

Erythrocytes

red-blood cells

Agnatha

class including jawless vertebrates: lampreys & hagfishes

Gnathostomata

jawed vertebrates

Anamniota vs Amniota

eggs laid in aquatic environments vs eggs on dry land

Pisces

class of aquatic vertebrates with gills for respiration, no true spine

Tetrapoda

four limbed vertebrates (some with "lost" limbs, ex. snakes)

Fishes

aquatic vertebrates

Class Myxini

\-no scales -slime glands -cartliainous skeleton -porelike gill openings -notochord throughout life -marine

Hagfish

class myxini

Sensorial tentacles-barbels

sensory organ found in hagfish

Keratinized tongue-teeth

hagfish tongue

Hagfish Development

reproduction by yolky eggs, no larval stage

Class Petromyzontida

\-lampreys -no scale -buccal funnel, sucking mouth -notochord throughout life -porelike gill openings -marine & freshwater -many ectoparasites

Oral disc

lamprey sucker mouth

Anticoagulant

used by parasites (lamprey) to prevent blood from clotting

Ammocoete larva

(lampreys) larve burrowing into sand, filter feeding

Semelparity

animal species who die after first reproduction

Skeleton (lamprey)

fibrous and cartilaginous lowly developed skull and other group of cartilages

Class Chondrichthyes

\-sharks, rays, skates -cartilagious endoskeleton -no operculum -paired pectoral & pelvic fins -laternal line -most marine -most carnivores or scavenger

Heterocercal caudal fin

Chondrichthyes fins

Lateral line

line (from head to tail) in fish that detects vibrations and water movement

Placoid scales and teeth

chondrichthyes, modified into teeth, spines, and stings

Ampullae of Lorenzini

jelly-filled canal opening to the surface by a pore, respond to weak electrical fields

Claspers

help sharks with internal fertilization

Mermaid's purse

egg cases made of collagen

Osteichthyes

\-bony fishes -largest group of fishes -bony skeleton -swim bladder or lungs -marine or freshwater

Class Actinopterygii

\-ray-finned fishes -homocercal fin -paired pectoral & pelvic fins with bony rays -bony skeleton -bony operculum -swim bladder

Ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid scales

class actinopterygii

Osmoregulation and Osmosis

gas exchange for actinopterygii

actinopterygii

\-viviparous, oviparous, ovoviviparous -larva (alevin) -external fertilization -some parthenogenetic

Alevin

actinopterygii larve, with yolk sac

Sex reversal

exposure to endocrine disrupters or composition of social group can change sex

Parental care (actinopterygii)

most have no parental care, some make nests or carry embryos; except seahorses

Mate-assistance and monogamy

where male seahorses take the embryos from the female and care for them

Venomous species (actinopterygii)

stonefish, pufferfish, lionfish, boxfish

Bioluminescence

lanternfishes, hatchetfishes, dragonfishes in the dark deep sea

Electroreception and Electrogeneration

\-the detection of electrical fields (lateral line) -the production of electrical currents, muscle near caudal fin produce a continous electrical charge

Schooling and aggregation

fish be in large groups and swim in same direction

Dilution effect

suggests that being a part of a group reduces the chances of being killed (fish behavior)

Class Sarcopterygii

\-lobe-finned fishes -diphycercal caudal fin -dermal scales composed of two layers of bone -bony operculum -modified, vascular swim bladder -lungfish breathe air

Lobed fins

fins supported by stout bones and bony rays

Lungfish vs Coelacanth

\-6 species, external fertilization vs -2 species, internal fertilization

Evolutionary relationship with tetrapods

sacropterygii fish walked onto land, our ancestors with lung

Class Amphibia

\-skeleton of mostly bone -usually 4 limbs (many exceptions) -forelimbs with 4 digits, hind with 5 - ectotherms -respiration: skin, gills, or lungs -eyelids, tympanic membrane -3-chambered heart

Early tetrapods

lobe-fin fishes, came to land because of their fin types

Tiktaalik roseae Ichthyostega

early tetrapod, likely evolved into modern tetrapod (this niche empty, feet)

Amphibian skin and importance

moist and grandular, can respire

Vertebral column

amphibian spine

Direct vs Indirect development

\-lacks a larval stage vs -undergoes metamorphic transition

Teeth (amphibian)

homodont, teeth on upper jaw

Chromatophores

cells that change color as a means of camouflage

Order Caudata

\-salamanders -with tail -4 limbs at right angle, of equal size -temperate & tropical areas -internal fertilization, spermaphore -aquatic species = larva -terrestrial = direct development

Spermatophore

packet of sperm

Vent or Cloaca

central hole for urine, feces, and reproduction

Metamorphosis vs Paedomorphosis

\-complete changes from larvae to adult vs -larval characteristics retained by mature adults

Order Anura

\-frogs & toads -adults w/o tail -4 limbs -short spinal column -temperate & tropical -vocalizations

Urostyle

a long bone formed from fused vertebrae at the base of the vertebral column in some lower vertebrates (wishbone lookin ass)

"Frog" vs "Toad"

\-smooth skin, terrestrial or arboreal vs -thick skinned, terrestrial

Tadpole

frog larvae, has tail

Larval stages

tail gradually goes away, legs form

Vocal sac and calls

male trait used to attract females (big air bubble on throat)

Amplexus

the mating position of anura, in which the male clasps the female about the back

Clutch of eggs

a collection of eggs (anura)