geo final

how many sq mi is africa

12 million

· Sub-Saharan Africa: 8.7 million sq. mi and a population \______________million

919.5

· \___________________Africa most populous region

West

· Most countries in Africa may see their population double by \_________________________

2050

· Africa contains the world's youngest population: \________% under age \_______years of age

43; 15

· Urbanization rates throughout the sub-regions below \__________%

50

· Low GDP per Capita PPP below $\_______________________

$3,700

· Notable exceptions:\____________________________________________________________

Equatorial Guinea, Mauritius,& Seychelles between $22,300-$37,400

· Low literacy rate at\_____________%

62

2 · Notable exceptions:\____________________________________________________________

Equatorial Guinea (95%)South Africa (94%); Mauritius (93%)

· Life expectancy 60 years (on average)
· Notable exceptions: \___________________________________________________________

Mauritius and Seychelles mid-70s

· Africa dominated by series of \__________

plateaus

· Handful of high peaks: \______________________________ (19,340 ft /5895m), \_______________(17058 ft/2500m) and \______________________range (16,763 ft /5109m)

Mt. Kilimanjaro; Mt. Kenya; Ruwenzori Range

· Major dams or power dams that exist or planned on \________________________

Zambezi, Congo, Nigher, Volta, Blue Nile Rivers

· Great Lake (largest lake in Africa): \_____________________________________________

Victoria

Rift valley \__________________

elongated valley forming by thedownward displacement of land between 2parallel fault lines

• Rift valley lakes: \___________________________________

Lake Tanganyika and LakeMalawi (Lake Victoria is not a rift valley lake it'sa Great Lake)

• Basin: \___________________________

where surface water converges to asingle point at a lower elevation

\____________ bisects Africa so about two-thirds of the region lies in the low latitudes, having tropical climates

Equator

• Major deserts: \___________________________________________

Sub-tropical High Pressure near30⁰ N. & S. (cloudless)• Ex. Sahara & Kalahari

• Tropical rainforest: \_______________________

Equatorial region of Congo Basin and central and western Africa

• Sahel- \______________________________

is drought prone tropical steppe and savanna region south of the Sahara

• Medical Geography: \_____________________________________________________________

Studying the amount or spread (spatial distribution) ofdisease in a particular geographic area

Tools to monitor-\_____________________________________________________

creating maps depicting infection rates; determining transmitters

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Virus originated in \_____________________________________(DRC)

Belgian Congo/ today'sDemocratic Rep. of the Congo

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

• Most severe region w/ greatest infection/highestdeath rates: \______________________________

Southern Africa

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

2020- 67% of world's 38 million people infectedwith HIV lived in \____________________________

Sub-Saharan Africa

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• First person infected \_______

1959

Habitats of large herbivorous animals:

elephant, buffalo, zebra, giraffe, and many species of antelope

Tropical rain forests:

abundant species of insects, birds and gorillas

Streams and rivers draining the forests and wetter savannas:

hippopotamus, crocodile and a great variety of fish

International crime-

· selling exporting wild animals and animal parts

· Wildlife threatened due to human\___________________________________________________________________

· population growth, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and poaching

· Poaching elephants and rhinos for tusks and horns for\________________________ have reduced their populations

Asian markets

· Ivory used for creating\___________________________________________________________________

figurines, religious symbols, hair ornaments

rhino horn -

knife dagger handles & folk medicine (disproven medical efficacy)

· Land tenure- refers to the way \____________________________________________________________________

refers to the way people own, occupy, and use the land

commerical farming \___________________

· exists in many places in Africa, but most people are subsistence farmers

colonialims disrupted \__________

· disrupted the traditional land tenure process

Pastoralism-

· where humans migrate from place to place with their animals
· A male (pastoralist) acquires a higher social status the more animals he owns
· Picture- Maasai people, built kraals where animals are kept at night. Located in Serengeti Park- where lions attack the cattle and pastoralists kill them

· Africa: \__________________________________________________________________

· original home of humankind

· After 5000 B.C.E., indigenous people were responsible for agricultural innovation in culture hearths:

1.Ethiopian Plateau in Axum
2.West African Savanna
3.West African Forest
4.Forest-Savanna Boundary of West Central Africa

· Domestication of important crops:\___________________________________________________________________

· millet(grain), sorghum, yams (tuber), cowpeas, okra, watermelon, coffee, and cotton

· Domestication cattle for \_______________

milk and meat

· Major civilizations in these culture hearths, \_______________

controlled trade networks

· Nok culture existed for \___________________; location now \__________________________________

8 centuries; central nigeria (W. African Savanna Woodland)

· Made stone and iron \________________________________________________________________________________

tools, sculpted figures humans and animals in terracotta

· Regional complementarity- \_____________

between peoples in forest and dry lands traded goods
o Traded salt for ivory, spices, and dried foods

· Timbuktu, located in Mali crossroads of trade and contains the world's \________________________________

oldest university

· Early states emerged in \______

East Africa

· Egyptian culture hearth influenced early states
Kush -
Nubia -
Axum -

- irrigation systems, iron tools, impressive structures
- christianized until wave of islam
- richest market, controlled Red Sea trade, Christian dynasty

· Great Bantu migration from present day Nigeria and Cameroon to southward and eastward

Zulu Empire in South Africa

Dominate Language families:

· Niger-Congo family - dominant language family
· Nilo-Saharan family
· Khoisan family
· Indo-European- English and Afrikaans (old Dutch) South Africa
· Malay-Polynesian - Madagascar

· After colonialism, many African countries kept the \___________

colonial language as one of the official languages.

o Nigeria\= English; \_________ different languages

500

o Côte d'Ivoire\= French; \___________different languages

78

Dominant Religions of Africa
o Islam-
o Christianity-
o Coptic (Copt-Greek for Christian) Christianity located \_________________________________________
o Indigenous African Religions (Animism)-

o northern part of sub-Saharan Africa
o southern part of sub-saharan Africa along coastline
o in Ethiopian plateau
o central part

· Syncretic religions \_______________________________________________________________________________

(2 or more religions blend) are shown by diagonal lines like West Africa, Madagascar, and east-central africa

European slave trade expanded \________________ with the development of mines and plantation agriculture in the New World

rapidly

\_________________________ - started slave trade late 15th century• 100 years later: \___________________________________

Portuguese and Spanish; English, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, French

Slave traffic:
• Transatlantic slave trade peaked between\________________
• 80% of an estimated 10 million slaves made the \_________
• More than \__________________ probably perished in the journey

1700 and 1870; crossing; 10 million

\_____________ was the earliest colonial power initially staying along the coast toestablish ports

Portugal

The Dutch East India Company founded Cape Town, South Africa as early as \_____________________

1652

Several European countries penetrate Africa's interior during 1850s with journeys by \____________________

missionaries, traders, and explorers

Berlin Conference - 1884 and 1885 (scramble for Africa): Several European countries divided Africa even though \____________ of Africa was under \_____________

80-90%; self rule

Results of superimposed boundaries
\-- Unified regions were \_______________
\-- Hostile societies were \______________
\-- Migration routes were \_________________

ripped apart; thrown together; closed off

Modern national boundaries don't correspond with \_________________

ethnic boundaries

Independence returned to Africa after 1950, but the realm had already acquired a legacy of \_______________________

political fragmentation

Mistake of 1914: British colonial cartographers created the current boundaries of \___________ (merged North and South parts of Nigeria) despite ethnic and religious rifts. North part- \_____________; South part \____________

Nigeria; Muslim; Christian

Africa
Cash crops: \________________________

Coffee(mostly East Africa), cacao, cotton, peanuts, oil palm, tea, rubber, etc.

Africa
Minerals: \____________________________

Iron, precious stones, gold, copper, Uranium (see map for others)

Africa
Oil: West Africa; \___________ major trading partner with U.S.

Nigeria

BRICS—emerging-market countries such as \________________________________

Brazil, Russia,India, China, and South Africa

China's investments—\__________________________________________

infrastructure, energy-producing facilities, and civic construction

\> $10 billion from Chinese investments- \____________________________________

Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and Angola

China's the biggest trading partner in \____________________

SSA

Debt-trap diplomacy - if African countries default on Chinese debts, facilities could be cheaply snapped up by \_______________

China

Ongoing economic growth is highly based on \________________

natural resources

SSA fastest growing market of cell phone network 477 million users
1. \________________
2. \____________________
3. \_______________________
4. \_________________________
5. \___________________
6. Agriculture- \_____________________________
7. Health- \______________________________

1. Banking (M-Pesa)
2. Activist mapping & transparency
3. Entertainment
4. Disaster management
5. Education
6. Agriculture- plant scientists to examine photos of crops
7. Health- fake meds; or where health clinics are open

Dutch East India Company founded Cape Town in \________

1652

British occupied Cape Town \__________

1795

Dutch/Afrikaners brought Southeast Asians as laborers to work in the mines & the British brought in South Asians to work on the sugar \____________

plantations

Diamonds discovered in the Orange Free State and the increasing numbers of British settlers lead to the \______________________

Boer Wars 1899-1902

British troops defeated Boers \__________________- original Dutch settlers \________________

(Dutch for farmers); (Afrikaner)

White minority government (British and Afrikaner)- barred non-white majority from \_____________________

voting, political positions in gov., teach skilled trades

During WWII- shortage of white laborers need for \______________; racial mixing in \___________

non-white labor; cities

south africa
Racial separation existed with Dutch arrival \____________ (not codified into law)

1652

south africa
(White minority gov.) Afrikaner National Party codified apartheid in \________

1948

Apartheid \___________________________________________________________________

is the political, economic, and social separation of races i.e. Whites, Blacks, coloureds, & Asians in South Africa in all aspects of life (i.e. residence, public spaces & transport, school, work, & entertainment)
Lasted from 1948 to 1994

Most blacks relocated to urban areas called townships(Soweto) or in rural areas called \__________

Homelands

Violent protests and strikes against \_____________________________

apartheid

International community by late 1980s imposed economic sanctions on \__________________

South Africa

Xhosa dominated African National Congress (ANC)- led by \_____________________

Nelson Mandela

Zulu dominated Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) led by Chief\___________________
• ANC & IFP rise-up against \____________

Mangosuthu Buthelezi; apartheid

1989 President\________________ repealed apartheid laws; changes to South Africa's constitution, and in \__________ all-race national election

Frederik de Klerk; 1994

nelson mandela
Member of \___________________________

African National Congress (ANC)

Nelson mandela
. He develop an underground army to oppose the South African government, which\_____________
• Spent 27 years in prison (sentenced to life in prison) for \___________________________________________
• In 1994 Mandela became the first black president of \_____________________________________________

instituted apartheid; sabotage, treason and violent conspiracy; South Africa (served) 1994-1999

Dirty Diamonds are rough diamonds illegally traded to finance rebel conflict against \____________________

legitimate governments

Kimberly Process Scheme - UN backed certification process designed to ensure only legally mined diamonds, \_________________________________

untainted by violence reach the market

madagascar
\___ largest island in the world

4th