Micro Exam 3

metabolism

how cells get energy, how bacteria eat, process of making energy from food

bacteria lack diversity in shape due to

peptidoglycan

what bacteria lack in shape diversity they make up for in

diversity of metabolism

identifying type of metabolism can help

identify the type of bacteria

important to study bacteria metabolism because

can help us identify bacteria and find new wats to treat it depending on its catabolic/anabolic pathway

2 branches of metabolism

catabolism and anabolism

catabolism

breaking down

anabolism

building up

goal of metabolism

stealing electrons from Carbon

oxydation

taking electrons away from C, in catabolism, breaking bonds

reducing

putting electrons back in C, in anabolism, encouraging it to form new bonds

if bacteria learn how to metabolize an antibiotic

we are screwed, the antibiotic will no longer work to treat it

what determines how bacteria will ferment

the end of glycolysis, each bacteria will ferment sugars differently

different ways antibiotics can work

some inhibit anabolic pathways, some inhibit production of folate/folic acid,

example of antibiotic that inhibits anabolic pathways

penicillin

why inhibiting folate production hurts bacteria

now it cannot make proteins or nucleic acids, it cannot grow

example of antibiotic that inhibits folate production

TMSLX (trimethoprim and sulfonamides)

environment can alter bacteria phenotype

this changes virulence factors, won't make you as sick and won't need antibiotics as often so good for antibiotic resistant world

bacteria senses fructose sugar and

swims down to intestine to make you sick

iron is often needed for

bacteria metabolism

how iron (Fe) works in metabolism

carries out redox reactions in proteins

redox reactions

reduction in anabolism or oxydation in catabolism

anabolic reactions

use energy

catabolic reactions

release energy

ATP is like a

$20 bill (almost anywhere will use it, better than a $1 but easier to use than $100), is easily utilized by most cells

ATP is a

nucleotide, RNA because it has 2' OH group

with oxidation cells take electrons from C and try to

make ATP with them

ATP has energy because

the triphosphates have - charges, they must have a good amount of energy to hold them together

cells take the energy from oxidation electrons to

combine phosphates and form ATP

when one thing is oxidized another gets reduced because

the electron must go somewhere

reducing agent is

the one being oxidized, giving electrons away

oxidizing agent is

the one being reduced, gaining electrons

oxidation doesn't always have to include

Oxygen

why lipids have more energy than CHOs

the oxidation of CHOs is very high, has less electron density because more C is bound to O so weigh less, lipids have more HC bonds and are less oxidized so heavier electron density

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

most oxidized form of C

CH4 (methane)

most reduced form of C

glycolisis

10 enzymatic steps taking a 6 carbon sugar and making 2 3 carbon pyruvate chains

most reduced carbon in pyruvate chain

third carbon (looks most like methane)

most oxidized carbon in pyruvate chain

first carbon (looks most like carbon dioxide)

when you see an arrow assume

an enzyme is starting a reaction

the enzymes that cause reactions are

proteins found in cytoplasm of cells

every time a reaction occurs

energy is lost in heat form, no longer usable energy

why glycolysis uses 10 steps

slows reaction down so less energy is lost as heat, stripping electrons slowly helps the energy still be usable which is goal of metabolism

how bacteria take up glucose from environment

use a membrane transport system

first type of transport system works by

simply bringing glucose in to get phosphorylated by hexokinase, porins allow glucose into outer membrane

kinase is

an enzyme that does phosphorylation

first transport system only works

when there is lots of extra glucose around so can't always happen

phosphorylation is

taking a PO4 and attaching it to another molecules, in many cases the PO4 comes from ATP

most enzymes end in

-ase

second type of transport system to get bacteria food (glucose)

group translocation system

group translocation system

transports and modifies the sugar

example of group translocation system

phosphoenol pyruvate translocation system

when glucose is translocated it gets phosphorylated making

glucose-6-PO4

group translocation system is found in

bacteria especially gram -

to get glucose into glycolysis (to be metabolized) the glucose must be

primed by phosphorylation first

2 purposes phosphorylation serves

prime it for further glycolytic reactions, to keep glucose inside the cell

how phosphorylation keeps glucose in cell

the added PO4 makes it extra polar and hard to find protein to take it out of cell

why people with diabetes are more prone to wound infections

the extra glucose floating around can be used to feed bacteria

enzymes basic definition

lower activation energy to speed up reactions

how enzymes work

provide a platform for 2 molecules to react, allows much faster and more certain reaction than would occur naturally, ensures the 2 things will interact quickly

enzymes are usually

proteins that in their active conformation provide a site that allows reactants to bind

most enzymes don't

work alone, they have accessory molecules that aid in allowing reactions

types of enzyme accessory molecules

cofactors and coenzymes

cofactors

metalic and often used in redox reactions to accept and donate electrons, why iron and other molecules are needed in diet-they help enzymes work

cofactor metalic molecule examples

Fe++, Co++, MG++

coenzymes

FAD and NAD, organic molecules usually derived from vitamins that also help with redox reactions

there is a limited supply of

coenzymes in a cell, why bacteria must do fermentation if run out

2 ways to make ATP

substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

substrate level phosphorylation

when a PO4 is transferred from a high energy molecule to ADP to make ATP

oxidative phosphorylation

uses electron transport chain, can be aerobic (requires O2) or anaerobic (something other than O2)

glycolysis 2 stages

preparative phase and energy yielding phase

preparative phase

requires input of 2 ATP molecules to restructure the glucose molecule to make the 6C sugar fructose, goal is to make the glucose molecule more symmetrical by changing the layout, steps 1-4

energy yielding phase

oxidize C atoms of glucose and make ATP, stages 5-9

what happens during glycolosis

make ATP via substrate level phosphorylation, beginning oxidation of glucose, using up some of oxidized form of coenzyme NAD

in prep phase glucose is

rearranged into 6C sugar fructose and is phosphorylized 2 times yielding fructose 1.6 bisphosphate

fructose 1.6 bisphosphate

F 1.6 BP

once we get F 1.6 BP

it splits into GAP and DHAP, DHAP gets converted into GAP so now 2 GAP molecules

GAP

glyceraldehyde 3-PO4

2 ways glucose can be brought into cell

hexokinase enzyme or group translocation

glycolysis sucks as

energy making pathway

when you see dehydrogenase

think redox reaction is taking place

Pi

inorganic phosphate

use enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 dehydrogenase to

to take in PI and use some of oxidized NAD to make reduced NADH

bisphosphoglycerate

1.3 BPG, a high energy compound

how ATP is made from 1.3 BPG

phosphoglycerate kinase enzyme recieves a PO4 from the first C in 1.3 BPF and phosphorylizes the ADP to make ATP via substrate level phosphorylation

how many ATP molecules are yielded in glycolysis

only 2 by the end (use other 2 up during process)

energy yielding phase basic

2 GAP to 2 NADH to 2 1.3 BPG to 2 ATP and 2 PEP to 4 ATP to using 2 ATP to left with 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules at end

NADH

reduced form of NAD coenzyme

at end of glycolysis the 2 pyruvates still have

lots of energy to harvest

why you can't use coenzymes to harvest pyruvate energy after glycolysis

used up the limited supply of them, must find other way to get energy out

pyruvate creates

lactic acid

what determines the fate of pyruvate?

if O2 is present and what enzymes are available/ produced/ active

the enzymes require O2 in

the citric acid cycle, Krebs cycle, or CTA

fermented

when a partially oxidized molecule like pyruvate is then reduced via a reduced co enzyme to produce an organic acid

pyruvate can be

fermented

fermented pyruvate becomes

lactic acid

fermentation process

uses NADH and expels NAD

what from fermentation allows glycolysis to continue

the oxidized coenzyme is back, no longer reduced (NAD now instead of NADH)

how fermentation helps harvest energy

it creates more oxidized co enzymes to replenish supply used up in glycolysis, needed to harvest energy

what about fermentation allows for identification of bacteria

bacteria are very diverse in how they handle pyruvate