CompTIA A+ 220-1001 (Prof. Messer)

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

Laptop frame

*Plastic

• Lightweight, mobile.

• Durable, difficult to break.

• Inexpensive, cost-effective.

*Metal

• More durable than plastic.

• Can be more difficult to repair.

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

Laptop power - batteries

*Lithium Ion (Li-ion)

• Common in consumer electronics.

• No "memory effect".

• Charging the battery diminishes capacity.

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

Laptop power - AC adapters

*Auto-switching or fixed input

• Converts AC to DC.

• Input voltage - 110 volts / 220 volts.

*DC jack on the laptop

• Specific to the power supply type.

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

Screen

*LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

• Light and high-resolution.

*Very, very fragile - Get a good case!

*Resolutions are fixed

• Changes to native resolution may look

blurry or not as crisp.

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

Replacing Laptop Storage

*Can Be Very Modular

- Two screws and the drive slides out.

*All Internal

- Open a cover on the back.

- Open the entire laptop.

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

Laptop Storage

*SSD (Solid-state drive)

- All memory, no moving parts.

- Silent, fast access time, less latency.

- 2.5 inch and 1.8 inch form factors.

*Hybrid drive (SSHD)

- Solid-state hybrid drive.

- Flash memory and hard drive storage.

- SSD caches the hard drive data.

*Magnetic Disk

- Traditional spinning drive platters.

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

Laptop memory

*SO-DIMM

- Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module.

*Micro-DIMM

- Micro-Dual In-line Memory Module.

*Memory used in laptops and mobile devices

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

Smart card reader

*Integrated card reader

- Built into the laptop.

*External reader

- USB connected.

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

Optical drive

*Too large for today's portable devices

• Becoming difficult to find.

*Often removable

• Replace with other media.

*Read and write CD-RW/CD-ROM and DVD RW/DVDROM

• In a portable device.

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

Video Cards

*Often built into the processor

• Not upgradable.

*Sometimes part of the system board

• Again, not upgradable.

*Some laptops have upgradable video cards

• Not the slimline models.

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

Speaker

*Self-contained - Portable audio

*Not the highest quality - Very small

*Often stereo (L/R) - May include a subwoofer!

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

System board

*Proprietary

• Built to fit.

*Replacement isn't easy

• Swap the entire board.

• Most components are on the system board.

1.1 - Laptop Hardware

CPU

*Designed for mobility

• Power management.

*Integrated features

• Memory controller, video controller.

*Not very upgradable

• Replaceable, but not upgradeable.

*Often slower than desktops

• Size and heat are disadvantages.

1.2 - Laptop Displays

Portable LCD

*Liquid crystal display - Light shines through liquid crystals

"Advantages"

• Lightweight.

• Relatively low power and relatively inexpensive.

"Disadvantages"

• Black levels are a challenge.

• Requires separate backlight.

• Florescent, LED, etc. / Difficult to replace.

1.2 - Laptop Displays

OLED on laptops

*Organic Light Emitting Diode

• Organic compound emits light when

receiving an electric current.

*Thinner and lighter

• Flexible and mobile - no glass needed.

*No backlight - The organic compound provides the light

*Not quite ready for laptops

• Organic materials degrade over time.

• Decayed images can remain on the screen.

• More costly and power hungry than LCD.

1.2 - Laptop Displays

Wi-Fi antennas

*Multiple antennas - WiFi main and aux and Bluetooth

*Antenna wires wrap around the laptop screen

1.2 - Laptop Displays

Laptop Webcam

*Video capture - Built-in camera and microphone

*Usually includes both audio and video

• Specialized drivers and software

1.2 - Laptop Displays

Microphone

*Built-in to the laptop - Useful for video calls

*Not good for non-casual use

• Analog or USB microphones can help.

1.2 - Laptop Displays

LED backlighting vs. Flourescent

*LED-backlit LCD display

• Backlight is LEDs instead of florescent.

• LEDs around the edge of the screen.

• An array of LEDs behind the screen.

*CCFL - Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp

• Higher voltage and power needed.

• Added thickness to the display.

• No longer a common backlight.

1.2 - Laptop Displays

Backlight and Inverter

*LCD displays need a backlight

• Florescent lamp to LCD display to your eyes.

*Some laptops have inverters - Turn DC into AC

*Verify backlight - Look closely

*May need to replace the LCD inverter or display

• Choose carefully.

1.2 - Laptop Displays

Digitizer

*Use a pen-like device as input - Useful for graphical input

*Becoming more common on laptop / tablets / hybrids

1.2 - Laptop Displays

Touchscreen

*Merge laptop and tablet input

• No keyboard required, but often still available.

*Many options for input - Use the best one for the job

1.3 - Laptop Features

Dual Displays

*Toggle Fn Keys

• Secondary functions.

• Toggle between LCD / external monitor / both.

*LCD switch

• The "refrigerator door" effect.

• Physical switch on older systems.

• Internal magnetic switch on newer portable systems.

• Set functionality in the BIOS or utility.

1.3 - Laptop Features

Volume settings

*Another function key

• May be a standalone key.

• Often includes a mute option.

*Physical dial or button

• May see visual feedback.

1.3 - Laptop Features

Wireless control

*Control your wireless signal

• Airplane mode, secure areas.

• Look for a status light.

*Physical switch or function key

*May include 802.11, Bluetooth, and cellular

• Look for the symbol or status light.

1.3 - Laptop Features

Screen brightness

*Control the backlight

• Secondary function keys.

*More light, more power

• Conserve your battery.

1.3 - Laptop Features

Keyboard backlight

*An option on many laptops

• See in the dark.

*Secondary function control

• Intensity.

• Duration.

• Disable.

1.3 - Laptop Features

Touch pad

*Enable and disable

• Avoid inadvertent mouse clicks and movements.

1.3 - Laptop Features

Screen orientation

*Rotate the screen

• Useful on rotating tablet / laptops.

• Landscape to portrait.

*Fn key or hotkey

• Different across manufacturers.

1.3 - Laptop Features

Media options

*Control audio and video from your keyboard

• No mouse clicking.

*Play, stop, rewind, fast forward

• Mute, volume.

1.3 - Laptop Features

GPS

*Listen for GPS signals

*May also be associated with

airplane mode or other wireless settings

1.3 - Laptop Features

Docking station

*Docking station

• Use external keyboard and mouse.

• Extend existing laptop interfaces.

• Add additional functionality.

• Desktop adapter cards.

• Avoid cable issues.

*Port replicator

• Similar to a docking station.

• Does not have an expansion card option.

1.3 - Laptop Features

Physical laptop locks

*Keep your laptop from walking away

• The bad guys are good at this.

*Connect to a solid object

• Nothing moves.

*Laptops include metal-reinforced locking slots

• Connect to the lock.

1.3 - Laptop Features

Rotating/Removable Screens

*Combine a laptop keyboard with a tablet screen

*Presentation display

*May include a stylus for input

1.4 - Mobile Devices

Tablets

*Single-screen touch computers

• iOS, Android, etc.

• Larger than ~7 inches diagonal.

*Designed for touch input

• Virtual keyboards, drawing interfaces.

*Application support

• Productivity, games, utility, etc.

• Specialized applications.

*Media - Take pictures, watch movies

1.4 - Mobile Devices

Smart Phones

*Mobile communication

• Voice, email, text, instant message, pictures, video.

• ~ 3.5 inches to 6 inches diagonal.

*Media viewer - Music, movies, videos

*Mobile applications

• Maps, travel information.

*Other apps

• Productivity, games, specialized apps, etc.

1.4 - Mobile Devices

Wearable technology

*Smart watches

• An extension of your phone and body

*Fitness monitors

• Track heart rate, steps, sleep patterns, and more

1.4 - Mobile Devices

Virtual reality

*Replace reality with a computer-generated version

• Input from the real world interacts

with the virtual world

*Many different application

• Gaming, industrial design, art

• Enhanced video and image viewing

1.4 - Mobile Devices

Augmented reality

*Overlay a virtual augmentation with the physical world

• The computer provides additional detail

*Used in medical, travel, gaming

1.4 - Mobile Devices

e-Readers

*Specialized device

• Book reading - Some music, some apps

*Electronic paper

• Black and white screen

• Performs well in direct light

• Exceptionally long battery life

*Network access - WiFi, cellular

1.4 - Mobile Devices

GPS

*In-car navigation (and non-car)

*Requires a view of the sky - Need to receive GPS signal

*Periodic updates required

• Over the air and memory card

1.5 Mobile Device Accessories

Headsets

*Hands-free audio - Earphones and microphone

*Wired

• Connects to TRRS connector (Tip-Ring-Ring-Sleeve)

*Wireless - Bluetooth headsets

1.5 - Mobile Device Connections

Micro-USB and mini-USB

*EU standardized on Micro-USB

• Common now worldwide

*Older devices may use Mini-USB

• Slightly larger

1.5 - Mobile Device Connections

USB-C

*24-pin double-sided USB connector

• Used for both hosts and devices

*Acts as a USB 3.1 / USB 2.0 connection

• Only the interface is different

*Includes an analog audio option

• Headset support through a 3.5 mm jack

1.5 - Mobile Device Connections

Lightning

*Apple proprietary

• 8-pin digital signals

• iPhone, iPad, iPod devices

*Some advantages over Micro-USB

• Higher power output for phones and tablets

• Can be inserted either way

• Simpler design, more durable

1.5 - Mobile Device Connections

Tethering

*Physically connect a device to your mobile phone

• Use the Internet/data connection

*Enable Internet access from almost anywhere

• May require service or configuration by wireless carrier

1.5 - Mobile Device Connections

Proprietary mobile interfaces

*Early mobile technology was all about cables

• One cable for power

• A completely different cable for data

*Every manufacturer was different - Intentionally

*The EU changed things

• Common external power supply for all data-enabled

mobile phones sold in the European Union

1.5 - Mobile Device Connections

NFC (Near Field Communication)

*Send small amounts of data wirelessly over a limited area

• Built into your phone

• Payment systems, transportation, in-person information exchange

*Access token, identity "card"

• Short range with encryption support

1.5 - Mobile Device Connections

Bluetooth

*High speed communication over short distances

• PAN (Personal Area Network)

*Connects our mobile devices

• Smartphones

• Tethering

• Headsets and headphones

• Health monitors

• Automobile and phone integration

• Smartwatches

• External speakers

1.5 - Mobile Device Connections

Hotspot

*Turn your phone into a WiFi hotspot

• Your own personal wireless router

• Extend the cellular data network to

all of your devices

*Dependent on phone type and provider

• May require additional charges and data costs

1.5 - Mobile Device Connections

IR (Infrared)

*Included on many smartphones, tablets, and smartwatches

• Not really used for file transfers and printing

*Control your entertainment center

• Almost exclusively IR

1.5 Mobile Device Accessories

Speakers

*Mobile audio - Battery powered

*Wireless connection - Bluetooth link

*Stereo sound - Small package

1.5 Mobile Device Accessories

Game Pads

*Gaming console feel - Mobile phone or tablet

*Connect with Bluetooth - Wireless connectivity

1.5 Mobile Device Accessories

Extra battery packs / battery chargers

*Power is key - And in short supply

*Swappable battery pack

• Carry an extra or two

*External USB chargers

• Phones and tablets

• And any other USB devices

1.5 Mobile Device Accessories

Protective covers

*Screen protector

• Avoid scratches

• May be difficult to install

*Device protector

• Wrap the entire device

• Waterproofing options are available

• Can create problems for docking stations

1.5 Mobile Device Accessories

Memory / microSD

*Increase storage capacity of smartphone or tablet

• Common on Android devices

• Not available on iOS devices

*MicroSD cards

• Small form factor, with increasing capacities

1.5 Mobile Device Accessories

Credit card readers

*Phone or tablet becomes a point of sale terminal

• Connections to audio/mic TRRS jack

• Great for small and mobile businesses

*Uses the Internet link for approvals

• Immediate feedback

*Additional features

• Email receipts

• Sign with your finger

1.6 - Mobile Device Connectivity

Wireless / cellular data network

*Your phone has an Internet connection

• Use your mobile provider network

• Take advantage of this connectivity

*Hotspot

• Turn your phone into a WiFi Router

• You may have to pay extra phone charges

• Other devices connect to your phone via WiFi

*Tethering

• Anchored to your mobile device

• Connect your laptop via USB or Bluetooth

• Single connection

• May require additional services from phone provider.

*Airplane mode - One button turns off all radios

• Cellular, WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC, etc.

*You can re-enable individual features

without enabling cellular features

• Useful when the airplane has WiFi

1.6 - Mobile Device Connectivity

Wireless Networks

*Enable and disable cellular, WiFi,

and Bluetooth independently

• Airplanes, conserve battery

*iOS - Settings / Cellular

*Android - Settings / Wireless & network settings

1.6 - Mobile Device Connectivity

Bluetooth

*Short-range personal area network (PAN)

• About 10 meters

*Connect different devices

• Mouse, keyboard, headset, computer,

automobile, speakers

*Once paired, devices work together

• Connect and disconnect automatically

1.6 - Mobile Device Connectivity

Bluetooth pairing process

*Enable Bluetooth on both devices

• Android and iOS: Settings / Bluetooth

*Set devices to discoverable mode

• May require key sequence on Bluetooth device

*Select discovered device

• Many devices may appear!

*Enter or confirm PIN

• Should be the same on both devices

*Test connectivity

• Devices should now communicate

1.6 - Mobile Device Connectivity

Your phone is a radio

*Baseband radio processor

• A network interface for your radio

• This isn't WiFi or Bluetooth

*Has its own firmware and memory

• Quite proprietary

*Real-time operating system

• Everything happens very quickly as needed

*The firmware can be updated

• Over the air (OTA)

• Invisible to the end user

1.6 - Mobile Device Connectivity

Phone updates

*PRL updates

• Preferred Roaming List

• CDMA networks (i.e., Verizon, Sprint)

• Allows your phone to connect to the right tower

• Can be updated over the air (OTA)

*PRI updates

• Product Release Instructions

• Radio settings - ID numbers, network codes,

country codes, etc.

• Also updated over the air

1.6 - Mobile Device Connectivity

IMEI

*International Mobile Station Equipment Identity

*Identifies a physical mobile device

*Every phone has a different IMEI

*Can be used to allow or disallow access

1.6 - Mobile Device Connectivity

IMSI

*International Mobile Subscriber Identity

*Identifies the user of a mobile network

*Can be provisioned in the SIM card

• Swap the SIM to move between phones

1.6 - Mobile Device Connectivity

VPN

*Turn your phone into a VPN endpoint

• Important for secure communication

*Integrated into the phone OS

• No additional software required

*May require some additional setup

• Detailed configuration settings

*May support multifactor authentication

• RSA SecureID

1.6 - Configuring Email on Mobile Devices

Email Configuration

*Retrieving mail - POP3, IMAP

*Sending mail - SMTP

*Corporate email - Microsoft Exchange

*Integrated providers

• iCloud, Google, Exchange Online, Yahoo

1.6 - Configuring Email on Mobile Devices

Retrieving Mail Messages

*Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)

• Used for downloading mail to local mail client

• Downloads and (optionally) deletes from server

*Configuration information

• Name of POP3 server

• Username and password

*Network ports

• Defined by your mail provider

• POP3: tcp/110

• SSL (Secure Socket Layer) settings - POP3S: tcp/995

*Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4)

• Access mail on a central server,

• Mail is usually stored on the server

• Supports folders and server-side searching

*Configuration information

• Name of IMAP server

• Username and password

*Network ports

• Defined by your mail provider

• IMAP: tcp/143

• SSL (Secure Socket Layer) settings - IMAPS: tcp/993

1.6 - Configuring Email on Mobile Devices

Sending Mail

*SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

*Send mail from a device to a mail server

• Or between mail servers

• You usually must send from a local or trusted device

*Authentication usually required

• May be different credentials than the incoming mail

*Port numbers

• SMTP (no authentication, relatively unused): tcp/25

• SMTP with authentication: tcp/587

1.6 - Configuring Email on Mobile Devices

Microsoft Exchange

*Enterprise email

• Not a service for the home

*More than just email

• Contacts, Calendars, Reminders

*Integrates with mobile device database

• Integrated contacts, calendars, etc.

*Configuration options

• Email, server, domain, username, password

*Integrated message encryption with S/MIME

• Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

• Encrypt and digitally sign

1.6 - Configuring Email on Mobile Devices

Commercial Email Providers

*Gmail

• Google email, splits inbox into tabs, IMAP4, POP3

*Exchange Online (hosted email)

• IMAP4 and POP3 support

*iCloud Mail - Apple Mail, IMAP4 support only

*Yahoo Mail - IMAP4 and POP3 support

1.7 - Mobile Device Synchronization

Synchronizing your data

*No single desktop

• Many different devices

*Complete mobility

• Access anything from anywhere

*Many different types of data

• Email, calendar, apps, etc.

*All devices must stay synchronized

• Most of it is invisible to us

*Mutual authentication

• The client and server must authenticate

with each other

1.7 - Mobile Device Synchronization

Data Types (1)

*Contacts, *Applications, *Email, *Pictures, music, video, *Calendar, *Bookmarks *Documents *Location data *Social media data *eBooks *Passwords

1.7 - Mobile Device Synchronization

Synchronize to the cloud

*Completely hands-off

• No physical cables, no local files

• May be integrated into your

• Exchange or Gmail

• Choose provider network and/or Wi-Fi

*Apple iOS

• Sync all data types to iCloud

• Complete backup and recovery

*Android

• Configure your Google account

1.7 - Mobile Device Synchronization

Synchronize to the desktop

*Application requirements - OS and disk space

*Operating System

• Mac, Windows

• Synchronize to the desktop

• Relatively modern versions

*Memory - Relatively minimal

*Storage space

• Enough to store backups, video, pictures • You'll need quite a bit

*iOS

• Apple iTunes - syncs everything in the phone • Creates full backups on the computer

*Android

• Syncs online with Google • Use third-party apps like doubleTwist to transfer movies and music

1.7 - Mobile Device Synchronization

Synchronize to the desktop (2)

*Storage space

• Enough to store backups, video, pictures

• You'll need quite a bit

*iOS

• Apple iTunes - syncs everything in the phone

• Creates full backups on the computer

*Android

• Syncs online with Google

• Use third-party apps like doubleTwist

to transfer movies and music

1.7 - Mobile Device Synchronization

Synchronize to the automobile

*Connect to your automobile over Bluetooth or wired cable

• Extends the phone functionality into the vehicle

*Display maps, control phone calls, play music

• Big display screen, keep hands on the wheel

*iOS CarPlay, Android Auto

• Synchronizes contact information, music, and other details

• Shares phone information in real-time

• This could be a security issue in a rental car

1.7 - Mobile Device Synchronization

Synchronization connections

*iOS

• USB - Proprietary (30-pin or 8-pin Lightning)

• USB-C

• 802.11 wireless

• Mobile network

*Android

• USB Micro-B

• USB-C

• 802.11 wireless

• Mobile network

2.1 - Introduction to IP

A series of moving vans

*Efficiently move large amounts of data

• Use a shipping truck

*The network topology is the road

• Ethernet, DSL, cable system

*The truck is the Internet Protocol (IP)

• We've designed the roads for this truck

*The boxes hold your data

• Boxes of TCP and UDP

*Inside the boxes are more things

• Application information

2.1 - Introduction to IP

TCP and UDP

*Transported inside of IP

• Encapsulated by the IP protocol

*Two ways to move data from place to place

• Different features for different applications

*OSI Layer 4

• The transport layer

*Multiplexing

• Use many different applications at the same time

• TCP and UDP

2.1 - Introduction to IP

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

*Connection-oriented

• A formal connection setup and close

*"Reliable" delivery

• Recovery from errors

• Can manage out-of-order messages or re-transmissions

*Flow control

• The receiver can manage how much data is sent

2.1 - Introduction to IP

UDP - User Datagram Protocol

*Connectionless

• No formal open or close to the connection

*"Unreliable" delivery

• No error recovery

• No reordering of data or retransmissions

*No flow control

• Sender determines the amount of data transmitted

2.1 - Introduction to IP

Speedy delivery

*The IP delivery truck delivers from

one (IP) address to another (IP) address

• Every house has an address,

every computer has an IP address

*Boxes arrive at the house / IP address

• Where do the boxes go?

• Each box has a room name

*Port is written on the outside of the box

• Drop the box into the right room

2.1 - Introduction to IP

Lots of ports

*IPv4 sockets - Server IP address, protocol,

server application port number

• Client IP address, protocol, client port number

*Non-ephemeral ports - permanent port numbers

• Ports 0 through 1,023

• Usually on a server or service

*Ephemeral ports - temporary port numbers

• Ports 1,024 through 65,535

• Determined in real-time by the client

2.1 - Introduction to IP

Port numbers

*TCP and UDP ports can be any number

between 0 and 65,535

*Most servers (services) use non-ephemeral

(not-temporary) port numbers

• This isn’t always the case

• It’s just a number.

*Port numbers are for

communication, not security

*Service port numbers need

to be "well known"

*TCP port numbers aren't the same

as UDP port numbers

2.1 - Common Network Ports

FTP - File Transfer Protocol

*tcp/20 (active mode data), tcp/21 (control)

• Transfers files between systems

*Authenticates with a username and password

• Some systems use a generic/anonymous login

*Full-featured functionality

• List, add, delete, etc.

2.1 - Common Network Ports

SSH - Secure Shell

*Encrypted communication link - tcp/22

• Looks and acts the same as Telnet

2.1 - Common Network Ports

Telnet

*Telnet - Telecommunication Network - tcp/23

*Login to devices remotely

*Console access

*In-the-clear communication

*Not the best choice for production systems

2.1 - Common Network Ports

SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

*Server to server email transfer - tcp/25

*Also used to send mail from a device to a mail server

• Commonly configured on mobile devices

and email clients

*Other protocols are used for clients to receive email

• IMAP, POP3

2.1 - Common Network Ports

DNS - Domain Name System

*Converts names to IP addresses - udp/53

- www.professormesser.com = 162.159.246.164

*These are very critical resources

• Usually multiple DNS servers are in production

2.1 - Common Network Ports

HTTP and HTTPS

*Hypertext Transfer Protocol - tcp/80

• Communication in the browser

• And by other applications

*In the clear or encrypted - HTTPS - tcp/443

• Supported by nearly all web servers and clients

2.1 - Common Network Ports

POP / IMAP

*Receive emails from an email server

• Authenticate and transfer

*POP3 - Post office Protocol version 3 - tcp/110

• Basic mail transfer functionality

*IMAP4

• Internet Message Access Protocol v4 - tcp/143

• Includes management of email inbox

from multiple clients

2.1 - Common Network Ports

RDP - Remote Desktop Protocol

*Share a desktop from a remote location over tcp/3389

*Remote Desktop Services on many Windows versions

*Can connect to an entire desktop

or just an application

*Clients for Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix,

iPhone, Android, and others

2.1 - Common Network Ports

SMB - Server Message Block

*Protocol used by Microsoft Windows

• File sharing, printer sharing

• Also called CIFS (Common Internet File System)

*Using NetBIOS over TCP/IP

• udp/137 - NetBIOS name services (nbname)

• udp/138 - NetBIOS datagram service (nbdatagram)

• tcp/139 - NetBIOS session service (nbsession)

*Direct over tcp/445 (NetBIOS-less)

• Direct SMB communication over TCP

without the NetBIOS transport

2.1 - Common Network Ports

AFP (Apple Filing Protocol)

*File services in macOS

• tcp/548

*Works with SLP (Service Location Protocol)

• tcp/427 and udp/427

• Populates the list of available devices

*File management

• Copy, move, delete files

2.1 - Common Network Ports

DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

*Automated configuration of IP address, subnet mask

and other options

• udp/67, udp/68

• Requires a DHCP server

• Server, appliance, integrated into a SOHO router, etc.

*Dynamic / pooled

• IP addresses are assigned in real-time from a pool

• Each system is given a lease and must renew

at set intervals.

*DHCP reservation

• Addresses are assigned by MAC address

in the DHCP server

• Quickly manage addresses from one location

2.1 - Common Network Ports

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)

*tcp/389

*Store and retrieve information in a network directory

• Commonly used in Microsoft Active Directory

2.1 - Common Network Ports

SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol

*Gather statistics from network devices

• Queries: udp/161

• Traps: udp/162

*v1 - The original

• Structured tables, in-the-clear

*v2 - A good step ahead

• Data type enhancements

• Bulk transfers, still in-the-clear

*v3 - A secure standard

• Message integrity

• Authentication, encryption

2.1 - Common Network Ports

PROTOCOL, PORT, NAME, DESCRIPTION List

2.2 - Network Devices

Network Interface Card (NIC)

*The fundamental network device

• Every device on the network has a NIC

• Computers, servers, printers, routers, switches, phones,

tablets, cameras, etc.

*Specific to the network type

• Ethernet, WAN, wireless, etc.

*Often built-in to the motherboard

• Or added as an expansion card

*Many options

• Single port, multi-port, copper, fiber

*Often built-in to the motherboard

• Or added as an expansion card

*Many options

• Single port, multi-port, copper, fiber