A&P Chapter 4

water makes up what percent of the body?

60%

what is metabolic water?

water made in the body via cellular processes

insensible water loss is or is not easily measured?

not

what is insensible water loss?

breathing and passively through skin

sensible water loss is or is not easily measured?

is

what is sensible water loss?

Urine, Feces, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Sweating

Intracellular makes up how much of the body fluid?

2/3

Intracellular fluid is maintained by what?

the cell membrane

extracellular fluid makes up how much of body fluid?

1/3

extracellular fluid is made up of what two different kinds?

intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid

where is intravascular fluid found?

found in the blood and lymph vessels

interstitial fluid if found where?

found outside of cells in the tissues

what is the most abundant solute in the body

electrolytes (ions)

what are cations

positively charged ions

what are anions

negatively charged ions

what do all ions carry

an electrical current

how are solutes expressed?

mEq/L

what are the main extracellular ions?

sodium and chloride

what are the main intracellular ions?

potassium and hydrogen

what do acids release?

H+ (hydrogen)

what are acids also known as?

proton donors

what do bases release

hydroxyl groups (OH-)

what is also known as a proton receiver

bases

what happens to acids and bases once they dissociate

they become electrolytes

more H+ ions means a ___________ acidity and a _________ pH

greater, lower

more OH- ions means _________ acidity and a ________ pH

lower, higher

what is a the normal blood pH

7.4

what is osmolality

measure of solute concentration in a fluid

what is the hormone animals use to control their serum osmolality?

antidiuretic hormone

what is a normal serum osmolality

278-300 mOsmol/kg

isotonic fluid has the _______ _______ as normal blood

same osmolality

hypotonic fluid has ________ ________ than normal blood

lower osmolality

hypertonic fluid has ________ ________ than normal blood

higher osmolality

what is osmolality

measure of solute concentration in a fluid

a cell functions optimally within _________ _________ fluid

isotonic extracellular

what are crystalloids used to rehydrate?

extravascular spaces

what is an isotonic crystalloid

normal saline

a colloid is used to rehydrate the ___________ spaces

intravascular

how do colloids rehydrate the intravascular space?

by pulling water from extravascular spaces

what is a hypotonic crystalloid

hypotonic saline

what is a hypertonic colloid

hetastarch, mannitol

what is the goal in resuscitation fluid therapy

increase intravascular fluid volume

when is resuscitation used?

when patients have lost more than 30% of their intravascular fluid

in resuscitation what are used together to rehydrate the paitent?

crystalloids and colloids

what is the goal of replacement fluid therapy?

correct dehydration

when do you have to us maintenance fluid therapy?

when patients are not taking in water on their own

what form of transport take advantage of the concentration gradient?

diffusion

in diffusion, molecules are moving from _______ concentration to ________ concentration

high to low

______ molecules and _______ soluble molecules and DIFFUSE across the membrane

small, lipid

what does facilitated diffusion use to carry large/ lipid insoluble molecules?

carrier proteins

when can molecules enter through facilitated diffusion

depends on number of present proteins

what is osmosis

The movement of water across a membrane AGAINST its concentration gradient

osmosis is trying to achieve what

equilibrium

what is the force created by water movement called

osmotic pressure

The difference in osmotic pressure of blood compared to interstitial fluid is called...

oncotic pressure

what is caused by excessive water moving into the interstitial space?

edema

what is it called when water move excessively into cavities?

effusion

what is Pushing liquids through a membrane based on a pressure gradient called

filtration

what is the force that pushes liquid called

hydrostatic pressure

hydrostatic pressure of blood is called...

blood pressure

does active transport need a concentration gradient?

no

what does active transport need?

ATP

what kind of molecules does active transport move

large molecules/ions

symporter flows in the _______ direction

same direction

antiporter flows in the ______ direction

opposite

does cytosis require energy

yes

cytosis allows for...

large particles or even cells to move across the membrane

what are the three types of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

phagocytosis is a vesicle that

engulfs a solid particle (phagosome)

pinocytosis is a vesicle that...

engulfs a liquid particle (pinosome)

Receptor mediated endocytosis is Special integral proteins on surface that...

initiate phagocytosis of ligand into a coated pit

exocytosis excretion

exocytosis of waste products

exocytosis secretion

exocytosis of functional manufactured molecules

what is the resting membrane potential

The distribution of charges on either side of the cell membrane

sodium ions are _________ and not allowed to ________

extracellular, enter

potassium ions are _______ and (can or cant) leave at any time

intracellular, can

who maintains the Uneven distribution of ions across the membrane

sodium potassium pump

in interphase the call is...

growing, maturing, differentiating

what phase do cells actively divide?

mitotic phase

mitosis occurs in what kind of cells

somatic

meiosis occurs in what kind of cells

gametes

what are the three sub phases of interphase

growth one (G1), synthetic (S), growth two (G2)

what happens in G1

cells grow and double in size and double their organelles and centrioles replicate

what happens in the synthetic phase

DNA replicates

what happens in the Growth 2 phase

continued growth, enzymes and proteins for cell division are made, centrioles are ready

what enzyme unravels the double helix

helicase

what enzyme starts RNA primer

primase

what enzyme makes the DNA strand

polymerase

what enzyme attaches smaller segments of DNA together on lagging strand

ligase

steps of DNA replication

Chromosomes uncoil
Histones and DNA separate
Helicase enzyme untwists the DNA and separates it into two strands
Replication Bubble
Replication Fork
Primase & Replicase: Free floating nucleotides form an RNA primer on the unraveled DNA strand
DNA Polymerase III: After the primer, free floating nucleotides form the new DNA strand
DNA Polymerase I: RNA primer is replaced by DNA
DNA Ligase: attaches small segments of DNA together
Original and new DNA strand form identical chromatids
Chromatids attach to centromeres

in prophase, what happens to the loose strands of chromatin

they condense into an X form

what are two sister chromatids attached by?

centromeres

what happens during prophase?

chromatin condenses, connect with centromeres cytoskeleton disassembles, centrioles form and make microtubules, nuclear envelop disappears

what happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes line up centrally along the metaphase plate, The centromere of each chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber

what happens during anaphase?

Centromeres split in half and each single strand becomes its own chromosome
Spindle fibers shorten
Chromosomes are pulled towards opposite sides
Cell elongates and forms a waist

what happens during telophase

chromosomes unravel, nuclear envelope emerges, nucleoli forms, spindle apparatus disassembles, cell squeezes into two parts

what happens in cytokinesis

cytoplasm separates

what is it called When cells touch each other, they stop replicating

contact inhibition

what is the Protein that increases in number during certain phases of the cell cycle

cyclins

what initiates cell division

Cyclin Dependent Kinase