Pe gcse paper 1

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What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

• Muscle Attachment

• Protection

• Joints for movement

• Blood cell production

• Mineral storage

Which bones protect the heart and lungs?

• Ribs

• Sternum

Define: synovial joint

A freely movable joint where two or more bones articulate

Give 2 minerals that are stored in the bones

• Calcium

• Phosphorous

Why is calcium important to the body? (2)

• To create strong bones and teeth

Why are red blood cells important?

They contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen.

Define: ligament

Tissue which connects bone to bone and stabilises joints

Define: tendon

Tissue which connects muscle to bone and transmits muscular forces to move bones

Which movements are possible at a hinge joint?

A hinge joint permits flexion and extension.

Which bones make up the knee joint?

femur, tibia, patella

Which bones articulate within the elbow joint?

• Humerus

• Radius

• Ulna

Which bones articulate within the shoulder joint?

• Scapula

• Humerus

Clavicle

Which bones articulate within the hip joint?

• Pelvis

• Femur

Define: flexion

Decreasing the angle of a joint

Define: extension

Increasing the angle of a joint

Define: abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Define: adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Define: rotation

Movement around a limb's long axis (screwdriver action)

Define: circumduction

Multiplanar combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction in sequence (circular motion)

Give an example of the deltoids causing flexion

The deltoids flex the shoulder of a tennis player as they throw the ball up to serve

Give an example of the deltoids causing extension

The deltoids extend the shoulder joint of a rounders player as they draw the arm back to bowl the ball

Give an example of the deltoids causing abduction

The deltoids abduct the shoulder joint in the outward phase of a star jump

Give an example of the latissimus dorsi causing adduction

The latissimus dorsi adducts the shoulder in the inward phase of a star jump

Give an example of the pectorals causing adduction (horizontal plane)

The pectorals horizontally adduct the arm across the chest during the release of a discus

Give an example of the abdominals causing flexion

The abdominals flex the vertebral column and hip joint in the upward phase of a sit-up

Give an example of of the gluteals causing extension

The gluteals extend the hip as a ballet dancer performs an arabesque

Give an example of the gluteals causing abduction

The gluteals abduct the hip in the outward phase of a star jump

Give an example of the gluteals causing rotation

The gluteals rotate the hip as a ballet dancer moves into first position

Give an example of the trapezius causing abduction

The trapezius horizontally abducts the shoulder to bring the arm back in the preparation phase of a discus throw

Define: agonist

The muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement; also called the prime mover.

Define: antagonist

A muscle which coordinates movement (relaxes and lengthens)

Which movement is created by the latissimus dorsi?

Adduction

Define: mechanical advantage

The ability of a lever system to move a large load with a small effort

Define: axis of rotation

An imaginary line about which a body can rotate

Vertical axis of rotation

An imaginary line running from top to bottom allowing a spinning rotation i.e. pirouette

Frontal axis of rotation

An imaginary line which passes through the body horizontally from the left to right, allowing flexion and extension. i.e. somersault

Sagittal Axis of Rotation

An imaginary line which runs through the body from front to back, allowing a sideward rotation. i.e cartwheel

A cartwheel occurs around which axis of rotation?

Sagittal

Transverse plane

line that divides the body into upper and lower sections

Frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

Sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

Hip rotation is an example of movement along which plane?

Transverse

Which class of lever is mechanical advantage most associated with?

Second Class

Define: oxygenated blood

Blood rich in oxygen and nutrients

Define: deoxygenated blood

Blood rich in carbon dioxide and waste products

Define: artery

A blood vessel which transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the muscle and organs

Define: capillary

A thin-walled blood vessel which brings blood in close contact with muscles and organs for gaseous a exchange

Define: vein

A blood vessel which transports deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

Which side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall? Why?

• The left

• To pump oxygenated blood to the muscles and organs with more force

What is the septum?

The wall that divides the two sides of the heart to prevent oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood mixing

What is the aorta?

The main artery carrying blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body

What is the vena cava?

The main vein in the body that takes the deoxygenated blood with carbon dioxide from the body tissue to the heart

Define: heart rate (HR)

The number of heart contractions each minute (bpm)

Define: stroke volume

The volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat (ml)

Define: cardiac output

The volume of blood ejected from the heart in each minute (l/min)

How is cardiac output (Q) calculated?

heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)

Define: haemoglobin

An iron-rich protein found in red blood cells which transports oxygen in the bloodstream

Components of blood (4)

• Plasma

• Red blood cells

• White blood cells

• Platelets

What is the function of the plasma?

The plasma contains nutrients essential for energy production (all other components)

Give the pathway of air in list form:

• Mouth/nose

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Alveoli

Define: gaseous exchange

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and capillaries

Define: alveoli

Clusters of tiny air sacs covered in capillaries which allow gaseous exchange

Define: diffusion

Movement of gases across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Define: breathing rate/ frequency (f)

The number of inspirations or expirations each minute (breaths/min)

Define: tidal volume (TV)

The volume of air inspired or expired each breath (ml)

Define: minute ventilation (VE)

The volume of air inspired or expired each minute (l/min)

How is minute ventilation (VE) calculated?

breathing frequency (f) x tidal volume (TV)

What is an average resting breathing rate?

12-15 breaths every minute

What are the by-products of aerobic exercise? (2)

Carbon dioxide and water, which can be removed very easily

What is the by-product of anaerobic exercise?

Lactic acid, which leads to muscular fatigue and pain

Define: lactic acid

The by-product of creating energy for the muscles without oxygen which leads to pain and fatigue

What is the average resting heart rate (HR)?

60-80bpm

What are the short term effects of exercise on the muscular system? (2)

• Increased muscle temperature

• Lactate accumulation/muscle fatigue

What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system? (2)

• Increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and cardiac output (Q)

• Redistribution of blood flow to the working muscles

What are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system? (2)

• Increased breathing frequency (f), tidal volume (TV), and minute ventilation (VE)

• Increased volume of oxygen to the working muscles

Define: vascular shunt

The redistribution of blood flow. During exercise, blood flow increases to the muscles due to vasodilation of the arterioles, and decreases to the organs due to vasoconstriction of the arterioles.

What are arterioles?

Arterioles are the smallest arteries

What are the effects of increased muscle temperature? (3)

• Increased speed of chemical reactions and energy production

• Increased flexibility and range of motion at a joint

• Decreased risk of injury

What are the effects of increased production of lactic acid? (2)

• Decreased rate of chemical reactions and energy production

• Increased muscular fatigue and pain

What is the effect of increased volume of oxygen to the muscles?

• Increased oxygen availability increases energy production and waste product removal

What are the long term effects of exercise on the skeletal system? (1)

• Increased bone density/Less chance of injuries

What are the long term effects of exercise on the muscular system? (2)

• Hypertrophy of muscles and increased muscular strength

• Increased muscular endurance and resistance to fatigue

What are the long term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system? (5)

• Cardiac hypertrophy

• Decreased resting heart rate and increased resting stroke volume

• Increased cardiac output

• Increased speed of recovery

• Capillarisation

What is the effect of increased bone density?

• Increased mineral density and calcium absorption to increase bone strength, decrease injury risk and protect against osteoporosis

What is the effect of muscular hypertrophy and increased muscular strength?

• Increased fast twitch muscle fibre size leads to increased muscle strength and resistance to fatigue

What is the effect of increased muscular endurance and resistance to fatigue?

Increased slow twitch muscle fibre size leads to increased energy production and ability to train at a higher intensity for a longer duration

What is the effect of cardiac hypertrophy?

The heart muscle gets bigger and stronger, which increases stroke volume (SV), and allows a decrease of resting heart rate (HR)

What is the effect of increased cardiac output?

During exercise increased HR leads to increased cardiac output and blood flow to the muscles to deliver oxygen and remove waste

How does exercise increase speed of recovery in the long term?

SV, Q, and blood flow are higher, therefore waste products are removed more quickly, allowing faster recovery rates

What are the long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system? (3)

• Increased aerobic capacity/no. of alveoli

• Increased strength of respiratory muscles

• Increased tidal volume (TV) and minute ventilation (VE) during exercise

What is the effect of increased aerobic capacity?

Increased ability to transport and use oxygen which increases the intensity and duration of performance without fatigue

What is the effect of increased strength of respiratory muscles?

Increased force of contraction leads to increased volume of chest cavity and lung volumes

What is the effect of increased TV and VE during exercise? (2)

• Increased volume of oxygen diffused into the bloodstream, and removal of waste products

• Decreased breathing rate as TV increases

Name the 10 components of fitness and give their definitions:

• Cardiovascular endurance - the ability to use the whole body for a long period of time without fatigue

• Muscular endurance - the ability of a group of muscles to repeatedly contract without tiring

• Speed - the ability to cover a distance/movement quickly

• Strength - the ability of the muscles to exert a large amount of force against a resistance

• Power - the combination of strength and speed

• Flexibility - the range of motion about a joint

• Agility - the ability to change direction at speed

• Balance - the ability to keep a body's centre of mass over its base of support/remain upright

• Co-ordination - the ability to use different body parts together accurately and fluently

• Reaction time - the time taken from the stimulus presentation to the start of movement

Body Composition - The percentage of bodyweight that is muscle, fat and bone.

How can cardiovascular endurance be tested? (2)

• 12-minute cooper run

• Harvard step test

How can muscular endurance be tested? (2)

• Press-up test

• Sit-up test

How can speed be tested?

• 30m sprint test

How can strength be tested? (2)

• Handgrip dynamometer test

• One repetition maximum

How can power be tested? (2)

• Standing broad jump

• Vertical jump test

How can flexibility be tested?

• Sit and reach test