progressive Era finals review

theodore roosevelt

President of the US. Known as a trustbuster. Created the Square Deal. Helped consumers, the environment and laborers.

wiiam taft

President of the US after Roosevelt. Helped create child labor laws Favored a progressive income tax Created an 8 hr work day for federal workers Filed over 90 antitrust law suits

woodrow wilson

President after Taft. Created the Federal Trade Commission to control unfair business practices. Came up with the New Freedom plan to restore competition. Supported the Clayton Antitrust Act

robert lafollette

Governor of Wisconsin. Created the Wisconsin Idea

boss tweed

Political Boss of NYC who stole millions from the city

upton sinclair

Muckraker who wrote the Jungle and exposed labor and food conditions in the meat packing industry

ida tarbell

Muckraker who wrote The History of Standard Oil and exposed the evils of monopolies

jacob riis

Muckraker who took photographs and exposed the living conditions of the poors in tenements. Book was called How the Other Half Lives

thomas nast

Muckraker who drew political cartoons to expose the political corruptness of Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring

jane addams

Reformer who created the first settlement house called Hull House to help the poor.

ida b wells

Muckraker who wrote about discrimination and the evils of lynching

florence kelly

Fought for better conditions in workshops

john muir

Conservationist who influenced T. Roosevelt to help protect the environment

marcus garvey

Founder of the UNIA and believed in supporting black pride and unity. Created the Back To Africa Movement

booker t washington

Created the Tuskegee Institute. A school for African Americans to learn trade. Believed in economic quality first and then political equality

WEB dubois

Creator of the Niagra Movement and the NAACP. Believe all rights should be achieved immediately. Economic and political equality.

alice paul

Suffragist who created the National Women’s party. Wanted a constitutional amendment for suffrage

carrie Chapman catt

Suffragist who took over the National Woman's Suffrage Association. She went state by state seeking support for suffrage.

frances willard

Leader of the Womens Christian Temperance Union. Wanted an amendment to outlaw alcohol

Carrie A Nation

Widowed women who was very radical in trying to achieve temperance. Carried a small axe and caused destruction in saloons with it.

Primary/initiative/referendum/recall –

Added more direct say for citizens. Increased democracy. Primary- select candidate

Initiative - suggest laws

Referendum - vote on bills 

Recall - vote to remove an official from office

16th amendment

Progressive Income Tax

17th amendment

Direct election of senators

18th amendment

Prohibition - Outlaw Alcohol

19th amendment

Give women the right to vote

trustbuster

A person who broke up trusts. Teddy Roosevelt was known as a Trustbuster.

civil service

Created by the Pendleton Act. created to stop the spoils system. Tests are given for government jobs to make sure people get the job based on merit.

temperance

The movement to control the use of alcohol. Led ultimately to the 18th Amendment. Women were very involved in the movement. Ex. WCTU

NAACP

Organization founded by a number of people including WEB DuBois. Called the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, it was created to fight for equality for groups of people such as African Americans.

WCTU

Women's Christian Temperance Union was an organization led by Frances Willard who fought to control the sale and use of alcohol.

hull house

A settlement house. It was started by Jane Addams. It was meant to provide services for the poor. Often run by middle and upper class women who volunteered.

conservation

Controlling the use of the environment. Protecting the environment. Writers like John Muir sought to get more protection. Roosevelt helped by creating the National Park system and the US Forestry System.

How was the Sherman Antitrust Act used to hurt unions and not big business?

It was argued that unions were preventing competition when they went out on strike. Courts would order injunctions against them forcing workers to return to work. 

What was the Pendleton Act? How did it help to reform the spoils system?

 The Civil Service system. Helps to reform the spoils system by requiring government workers take tests in order to show their ability to do the job. Workers would be hired on their merit, not because they are friends with someone, or did a favor for someone. 

What was the Wisconsin Idea?

 Created by Robert LaFollette. It was a series of ideas/plans to help bring progressive reform to the state government of Wisconsin. Used as a model for other states. 

Explain Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal. How does this show he is a Progressive president?

 He believed that all Americans fit into at least one of four categories: Consumer, Owner, worker, or farmer. He felt that everyone deserved a fair chance at success and he promised them each a side of the “American” square.  

What reforms/laws did Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle lead to?

 The Meat Inspection Act 

Note: The Pure Food and Drug Act also happened around the same time (1906) and was aimed at more truthful labeling and safer ingredients in food. However, it was a result of TR reading works by other muckrakers.  

What was TR’s belief about monopolies? How did he feel about consumers, unions, and natural resources?

 TR’s belief about monopolies was that good trusts needed to be controlled and bad trusts broken up. He became known as the trustbuster. He believed that consumers, unions and natural resources all deserved to be protected and included them in his square deal. 

How did Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois disagree on achieving equality for African Americans? Who do you think Marcus Garvey would have agreed with and why?

 Booker T. Washington wanted to focus on economic equality first and political equality second. He helped create the Tuskegee Institute to provide education for African-Americans in the South. WEB DuBois would have fought for complete equality, both economic and social, immediately. He did not believe that African Americans should have to wait for any of their rights.  He helped create the NAACP to fight for the rights of minorities. 

Marcus Garvey believed in keeping blacks and whites separate and focusing on black pride and unity. He started the Back to Africa Movement. 

J. What role did women take in the Progressive Movement? Describe the different issues in society they were most concerned with.

Women’s Suffrage. Fought for the right to vote for women. Led to the passage of the 19th Amendment. 

Temperance Movement -- Fight against alcohol. Created groups like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) led by Frances Willard to fight to control the sale and use of alcohol. Succeeded in getting the 18th Amendment passed which led to Prohibition. 

K. How did reformers help to change living conditions for the poor as well as improve their overall lives?

 By exposing the conditions of the tenements in the cities. People like Jacob Riis took photographs in his book How the Other Half Lives. People like Jane Addams created settlement houses such as Hull House which provided assistance to the poor. Laws would eventually be passed requiring better safety and proper space for buildings (building codes). Groups like the YMCA and the Salvation Army provided services to the poor. 

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire :

A sweatshop where working conditions were poor including workers being overcrowded in their work space, narrow hallways, broken elevators and locked doors. The fire started most likely from a lit cigarette being accidentally discarded among the cloth scraps. 

146 people died when a fire broke out.

 It showed that city fire departments needed to adjust to the growing size of buildings. It also raised protest about the working conditions especially for young women and led to improved safety laws for workspaces.