Exam 4

Animal form and function are correlated at….?

All levels of organization

What are the 5 ways species can increase their SA/V?

Flattening

Folding

Projections

Branching

Size decreases

The small organisms ___________ specialized, extensively branched or folded structures to enable sufficient exchange with the environment since their SA/V is so ____.

DO NOT NEED

HIGH

Large organisms with complex body plans (humans) _____ extensively branched or folded internal structures specialized for exchanging materials since their SA / V ratio is ____.

NEED

LOW

What has the highest SA/V ratio in the digestive system?

Small intestine

Why does the small intestine have a high SA/V ratio?

For digestion and absorption of nutrients (Glucose).

What has the highest SA/V ratio in the circulatory system?

Capillaries

Why does Capillaries have a high SA/V ratio?

To transport O2, Glucose, and to remove CO2

What has the highest SA/V ratio in the respiratory system?

Alveoli

Why does the Alveoli have a high SA/V ratio?

To maximize gas exchange, bringing O2 and get rid of CO2.

What has the highest SA/V ratio in the excretory system?

Nephrons

Why does Nephrons have a high SA/V ratio?

To maximize blood filtration in kidneys and gets rid of Urea but keeps water and salts.

What is a group of cells with a common structure and function?

Tissues

What covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body?

Epithelial tissue

What is the form=function of the simple squamous epithelium?

Form= Thin and leaky

Function = Exchanging of material by diffusion.

Where is the simple squamous epithelium found?

\

What is the form=function of the Stratified squamous epithelium?

Form= surfaces subject to abrasion

Function= Regenerates rapidly to replace cells that get “sloughed” or rubbed off.

Where is Stratified squamous epithelium found?

Skin, mouth, limning of esophagus.

What is the form=function of the Cuboidal and Columnar epithelium?

Form=Big cells

Function=Absorption and secretion

Where is Cuboidal and Columnar epithelium found?

Stomach, small intestine, and kidneys

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

* Erythrocytes (RBC): Carry O2 and CO2
* Leukocytes (WBC): Defense
* Platelets: Clotting

What is maintaining an internal “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment?

Homeostasis

What is the human set point for body temperature?

37C

What is the human set point for blood pH?

7\.4

What is the human set point for blood glucose concentration?

0\.7-1.1 mg/ml

What returns a variable to its normal range or a set point?

Negative feedback

What amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals?

Positive feedback

what is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range?

Thermoregulation

Animals generate heat by metabolism is called?

Endothermic

What animals are considered endothermic?

Birds and mammals

Animals gain heat from external sources is called?

Ectothermic

What is the chemical reaction for cell respiration?

C6H12O6+6O2 → CO2+6H2O+ATP+Body Heat

What are the 5 ways animals balance heat gain and loss?

1. Insulation
2. Circulatory adaptations
3. Cooling by evaporative heat loss
4. Behavioral responses
5. Adjusting metabolic heat production.

What decreases in heat loss?

Insulation

Cooling by evaporative heat loss

What decrease and increases in heat?

Circulatory adaptations

Behavioral responses

What increases in heat?

Adjusting metabolic heat production

How many classes are in essential nutirents?

4 classes

What essential nutrients deals with meats, egg, chesses, and includes vegetarians?

Essential amino acids

What essential nutrient deals with seeds, grains, and veggies?

Essential fatty acids

What essential nutrients is organic, that if you don’t eat you’ll get sick?

Essential Vitamins

What essential nutrients is inorganic, like iron and sulfur?

Essential Minerals

What is the effect of too much salt (NaCl)?

High blood pressure

What is the effect of too little K?

Muscular weakness, paralysis, nausea, and heart failure.

What is the effect of too little Fe?

Iron-deficiency, anemia, weakness, and impaired immunity.

What is long-term absence of 1 or more essential nutrients?

Malnourishmnet

What are the main stages of food processing?

Ingestion

Digestion

Absorption

Elimination

What is a mechanical breakdown and digestion of food begins?

Ingestion (Eating)

What is enzymatic breakdown of polymers into their monomer and break down food into molecules small enough to absorb?

Digestion

What uptakes nutrients by body cells?

Absorption

What is it when undigested material exits the digestion system?

Elimination

Organ specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the __ __ __?

Mammalian digestive system

What are the mammalian digestive systems called?

Alimentary canal or digestive tract

What secret digestive “juices” through ducts, Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder?

Accessory glands

Food is pushed along by __, rhythmic contractions of __ in the wall of the canal.

Peristalsis

Muscles

What regulates the movement of material between compartments?

Valves (Sphincters)

What stimulates saliva?

Food

What does saliva contain?

Amylase

Mucus

Buffers

Antibacterial agents

What initiates breakdown of carbohydrate into glucose?

Amylase

What is used as lubrication and protection?

Mucus

What prevents tooth decay?

Buffers

What does the epiglottis do?

Epiglottis allows for breathing during chewing and allows for it to close when the food goes down not enter into the lungs.

__, stores food and begins protein digestion by secreting __ __ (HCI) and __ and __

Elastic

Hydrochloric acid

Pepsinogen

Mucus

What secretes HCI that breaks down cells and kills most bacteria?

Parietal cells

What secretes pepsinogen?

Chief cells

What equals pepsin?

Pepsinogen + HCI = Pepsin

What does pepsin break down?

Proteins

What secretes mucus that prevent HCI and pepsin from destroying the stomach?

Mucous

What bacteria causes stomach ulcers?

Bacterium Helicobacter Pylori

What is a major organ od digestion and absorption of nutrients and is the lognest section of the alimentary canal?

Small intestine

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, Ileum

Acid chyme from stomach mixes with digestive juices from what?

Pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine

Where does most of the digestive occur in?

Duodenum

What do jejunum and ileum mainly function in?

Absorption of nutrients and water

What produces enzymes that digest all 4 macromolecules & bicarbonate that neutralizes the acidic chyme & insulin to absorb sugar from bloodstream?

Pancreas

What does glucose regulation and production of bile?

Liver

What is being secreted in the pancreas?

Digestive enzyme

What is being secreted in the liver?

Bile

What is being secreted in the Gall bladder?

BILE

Where is carbohydrate being digested in the human digestive system?

In the mouth and small intestine

Where is protein being digested in the human digestive system?

In the stomach and small intestine

Where is nucleic acid being digested in the human digestive system?

Small intestine

Where is fat being digested in the human digestive system?

Small Intestine

What does villi and microvilli function in?

Increase rate of nutrient absorption

What vein carries nutrient rich blood to the liver?

The hepatic portal vein

What is the function of the large intestine?

Recover H2O that has entered the alimentary canal, 90%

What is the function of the rectum?

Stores feces until defecation out the anus

How many bacteria/species live in human digestive tract, most;y in large intestine?

10-100 trillion bacteria (400 + species)

*500,000 people each year get* infections - *29,000 people die.*  Antibiotics is a major contributing factor leading to infection by reducing microbiome diversity.

Clostridium difficile

Feeback circuits regulate what?

Digestion, energy storage, and appetite

What regulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose?

Insulin and glucagon

__The Liver & pancreas__ are key sites for?

\

Glycose homeostasis

Carbohydrate-rich meals raises insulin levels & triggers what?

Glycogen synthesis

What causes glucagon to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen & release glucose?

Low blood sugar

Glucose formula:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + body heat

What is caused by a deficiency of insulin (Type 1) or a decreased response to insulin (Type 2)?

Diabetes mellitus

What type of diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. With an immune system that destroys beta cells of the pancreas, appears in childhood, require insulin injections, and recieves insulin from GM bacteria and fungi?

Type 1 diabetes

What type of diabetes is a failure of cells to respond normally to insulin. Results in Excess body weight & lack of exercise significantly increased risk, appears after 40, but may develop earlier in younger people who are sedentary, and is the 7th leading cause of death in humans?

Type 2 diabetes

What is a tumor involving the pancreas, where cells produce large amounts of glucagon – thus always breaking down glycogen into glucose AND blood glucose levels are always super high?

Glucagonoma

What is the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concetration?

Diffusion