APUSH

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

Indentured Servitude

labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. Often used in the late 19th and early 20th century as a replacement of slave labor, but with fairly similar exploitative working conditions. Laborers were often transported thousands of miles and could not easily afford to return home.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

King Philip's War(1675)/ Metacom's War

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Natives. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional native lands for expansion.

Pueblo Revolt(1680)

An uprising of Natives in Santa Fe against Spanish colonization. The Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 colonizers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. However, the Spanish were more accommodating of Native culture afterward.

First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth. Considered early cause of the Revolution as it encouraged people to question those in authority.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. John Locke

Anglicization

the colonial american desire to emulate English society, including English taste in foods, customs, and architecture

Protestant Evangelicalism

A strain of Protestantism in the 1700s and 1800s that stresses the preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ, personal conversion experiences, Scripture as the sole basis for faith, and active evangelism.

Joint Stock Company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. They were chartered by the crown to fund colonization efforts, and one such company founded Jamestown.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, populations and technologies between the Americas, West Africa, and Europe in the 1400s and 1500s. Led to population growth in Europe and a encouraged a change from Feudalism to capitalism in Europe

Encomienda System

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Fought between the colonies of British America and New France, supported by military units from their parent countries. Hostilities intensified between the two as they both attempted to colonize land in the Ohio Valley. It marked the beginning of conflicts between Great Britain and the American colonists.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense (1776)

1776- Paine argued for independence, directly attacking allegiance to the monarchy, refocusing hostility previously vented on Parliament. The pamphlet was published anonymously in Philadelphia. He proved himself the consummate Revolutionary rhetorician. The Common sense of the matter, it seemed, was that King George III bore the responsibility for the malevolence toward the colonist. Before Paine, few colonists thought Independence was an option.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

The fundamental document, penned by Thomas Jefferson, establishing the US as an independent nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. It declared the 13 colonies independent from Britain and offered reasons for the separation laid out the principles for which the Revolution was fought.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Revolutionary War (1775-1783)

War fought between the American colonies and England. American colonies won war and gained independence and British land in North America. (date)

Bill of Rights(1791)

Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. Anti-Federalist demanded these to be included or they would not support new constitution

Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity

The idealization of women in their roles as wives and mothers. The concept of republican motherhood suggested that women would be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic.

Articles of Confederation(1781-1788)

First Constitution of the U.S., with weaknesses such as no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states. Outlawed slavery above Ohio River

French Revolution(1789-1799)

A radical revolution against the French monarchy and nobility. Its adherents argued for a new society based on the ideals of egalitarianism, brotherhood, and freedom. Caused division between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

8th President-Domestic Affairs: Spoils system, Indian Removal, Worcester v Georgia, Trail of Tears, Rejection of American System, Eaton Affair, Tariff/Nullification crisis, Compromise of 1833, Force Bill, Take down of the Bank, Peggy Eaton, Whigs, Bank War—Pet Banks

Foreign Affairs: Near conflict with France over Napoleonic debts, Butler incident, Texan independence, Tariff of Abominations

Whigs

Political Party led by Henry Clay! Favored the BUS and the American System; strong legislative branch; against "King Andrew I"

Jacksonian Democrats

Andrew Jackson's Democratic party generally championed the principles of equal opportunity, absolute political freedom (for white males), glorification of the "common man," and limited government.

Constitution(1788)

A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. It was drafted by the Constitutional Convention and later supplemented by the Bill of Rights and other amendments.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a leader of the Whigs, strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Market Revolution

A major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Civil War (1861-1865)

deadliest war in American history; conflict between north (union) and south (confederacy); 11 southern slave states wanted to secede from Union

Nativism, 1840s-1850s

An anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish Catholics.

Federalist Papers(1788)

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Republican Party (1854)

organized in 1854 by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; nominated John C. Frémont for president in 1856 and Abraham Lincoln in 1860

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.

Gettysburg Address(1863)

Abraham Lincoln's speech delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Democratic-Republicans

An early political party headed by Thomas Jefferson; stood for less centralized government and opposed the ratification of the Constitution.

Hamilton/Jefferson Debate

Hamilton was for a strong central government that only included those in the upper class whereas Jefferson wanted a strong state government that included people from all classes. Hamilton wanted a strong and powerful economy based on industry when Jefferson wanted an economy based off of farming. Both men were supported by a different part of the American population

George Washington's Foreign Policy

Washington's foreign policy was primarily to keep the United States neutral in foreign affairs as much as possible, as he did not believe it wise for the new nation to involve itself in the affairs of other nations, and was officially neutral in the war between Britain and France.

Washington's Domestic Policy

Washington supported Hamilton's creation of a national bank,

President John Adams(1797-1801)

In 1796, he overcame Hamilton's opposition to his candidacy to win a narrow victory for the presidency. Vilified by the Republicans for not vetoing the Alien and Sedition Acts, he was defeated for reelection by Jefferson in 1800. Settled the XYZ Affair to avoid war with France in 1797.

XYZ Affair (1797)

Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.

President Thomas Jefferson

purchased the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803. Desired an agrarian America, where every (white) man had his own land, and most governmental powers belonged to the states. He tried to shrink the military. His Embargo was intended to punish France and England for fighting each other by forbidding American ships from trading in foreign ports, but all it did was hurt American trade and economy.

Washington's Farewell Address(1796)

Warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency.

Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations.

Alien and Sedition Acts(1798)

Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years; Alien Act - Gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country; Alien Enemies Act - permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to. (No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act.);The Sedition Act - Key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. President Adams signed it into effect against the wishes of the Democrats, who believed it gave the federal government far too much power.

John Marshall Court

Period of court ruling from 1801 to 1835; shaped interpretation of Constitution (loose); strengthened judicial branch; increased power of federal government over state; support of economic activity

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review(the right of Supreme Court judges to judge the constitutionality of passed legislative acts).

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Jacksonian Democracy

The first major opening up of American suffrage (voting rights) by Jackson's new Democratic Party in 1830s. Franchise extended to all white men (not just rich white men). Achieved by state legislation not constitutional amendment.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Nullification Crisis of 1832

South Carolina refused to pay a 48% tax rate on the Tariff of 1828. Jackson supported states rights but sends troops into South Carolina to enforce the tariff of 1828. Nullified the Force act - congress allows Jackson to send troops to South Carolina.

The Bank War(1832-1836)

Erupted when Henry Clay sought to renew the National Bank's charter before the Election of 1832. Jackson vetoed the bill, then ordered all federal deposits in the bank to be withdrawn. Two Secretaries of the Treasury refused and were removed from office. Jackson was censured by the U.S. Senate. Bank president Nicholas Biddle called in loans from across the country resulting in a financial crisis. The Bank lost its charter in 1836 and went out of business five years later.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Tariffs

Taxes on imported or exported goods

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

Laissez-Faire Economics

Economic system where the government should not interfere in the marketplace

New South

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.

Transportation Revolution(mid-to-late 1800's)

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

Political Machines/Bosses

Bosses (often of foreign heritage) garnered the support of large immigrant communities and won votes for his organization by providing social services for immigrants (food), jobs for unemployed, and patronage for his followers. Usually very corrupt and controlling, using their immigrant base as they pleased and forcing those who didn't comply into debt.

Communication Revolution(mid-to-late 1800s)

New technologies that helped spur and contribute to the westward expansion and Industrial Revolution.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. Inspired asylum and prison reform, educational reform, temperance, etc.

Cult of Domesticity(early 1800's)

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands.

Petticoat Affair

Eaton, Jackson's Secretary of War, married a barmaid named Peggy Eaton. Other senator's wives ostracized her, particularly Calhoun's wife. Andrew Jackson was sensitive to this given the media abuse his wife suffered before her death, and began to fire the members of the Cabinet whose wives wouldn't make peace with Peggy.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Welfare State

A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

Nativism in the 1920s

Nativists charged that there were too many European migrants and too many who were anarchists, socialists, and radical labor organizers.

World War Two

Event that brought the United States completely out of the Great Depression, we entered because of Japanese bombing at Pearl Harbor.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

American Expeditionary Force

American force of 14,500 that landed in France in June 1917 under the command of General John Pershing. Both women and blacks served during the war, mostly under white officers

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

D-Day Invasion

Allied troops landed at Normandy Beach to start liberating France from German control. June 6, 1944.

Seneca Falls Convention(1848)

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written.

Declaration of Sentiments(1848)

Document based on the Declaration of Independence that called for gender equality, written primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and signed by Seneca Falls Convention delegates.

Monroe Doctrine(1823)

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. It threatened to defend the Western Hemisphere from such influence with arms if necessary.

Missouri Compromise(1820)

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36-30 line were free states and all South were slave states.

Abolitionism

Militant effort to do away with slavery; began in the 1700's; becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's; Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces.

The Liberator(1831-1865)

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives.

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Amistad(1839)

Slaves took control of a ship in Cuba and were intercepted by Americans. After a Supreme Court trial in which John Quincy Adams argued for them, they were allowed to go to their intended destination, Africa.

David Walker

Black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves; wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World."- called for a bloody end to white supremacy; believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by 1800s Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Mexican War(1846-1848)

Conflict between the US and Mexico that after the US annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own; US troops fought primarily on foreign soil; covered by mass-circulation newspapers.

Gold Rush(1849)

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848, also causes an increase in immigration, especially Chinese immigration.

Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state after the annexation of Texas and introduced the Fugitive Slave Act, seeking to reduce tensions surrounding the slave state debate.

Uncle Tom's Cabin(1852)

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

Anthony Burns Affair(1854)

Burns was an escaped slave living in Boston who was returned to his master in 1854 as a result of federal enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. This led to vigorous protest in Boston and the rest of Massachusetts. His supporters raised enough money to purchase Burns' freedom from his master. No escaped slaves would be returned to their masters from Boston or Massachusetts again.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefitting his state economically. K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups.