SCIENCE-REVIEWER-1 (copy)

Hypoxia

Lack of oxygen

Anoxia

No supply of oxygen

Healthy Lungs

Light pink color

Smoker's Lungs

Dark color

Right Lung

Superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe

Left Lung

Superior lobe, inferior lobe

Oxygenated Blood

Lighter red color

Deoxygenated Blood

Darker red color

Diaphragm

Contracts downward during inhalation, relaxes upward during exhalation

Breathing System Flow

Mouth/nose

Nasal passage/cavity

Pharynx or throat

Larynx or voice box

Trachea or windpipe

Bronchi or two branching tubes

Lungs or the main organ of the respiratory system

Bronchioles

Alveoli or air sacs where gas exchange happens

Circulatory System

The heart pumps oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of the body, and eliminates waste products.

Heart

Located in the thoracic cavity, superior to the diaphragm, between the lungs

Left Side of the Heart

Pumps oxygenated blood

Right Side of the Heart

Pumps deoxygenated blood

Valves

One-way doors that keep the blood moving only in one direction

4 Chambers of the Heart

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

3 Layers of the Heart Wall

Epicardium (outer protective layer)

Myocardium (muscular middle layer)

Endocardium (thin inner layer)

Nervous System

Helps control heart rate

Endocrine System

Sends out hormones that affect blood vessels and blood pressure

Major Parts of the Circulatory System

Heart

Blood

Blood vessels

3 Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries (carry oxygenated blood away from the heart)

Veins (carry deoxygenated blood to the heart)

Capillaries (smallest blood vessels where gas exchange happens)

Pulmonary Artery

Only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary Vein

Only vein that carries oxygenated blood

Superior & Inferior Vena Cava

Largest veins

Circulatory System Flow

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava

Right Atrium

Tricuspid Valve

Right Ventricle

Pulmonary Valve

Pulmonary Artery

Lungs

Pulmonary Vein

Left Atrium

Mitral Valve

Left Ventricle

Aortic Valve

Aorta

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Genetics

Branch of biology that deals with heredity

Heredity

The passing of traits through reproduction

Variation

Any differences between individuals

Gene

Unit of heredity; a section of DNA sequence

Allele

Different form of a characteristic

Dominant

Traits that are being expressed

Recessive

Allele of a gene that does not appear in heterozygous condition, only in homozygous

Homozygous

Having identical genes

Heterozygous

Having two different genes for a particular characteristic

Phenotype

The physical appearance of an organism

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism

Monohybrid Cross

Genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait)

Chromosomes

Carriers of genetic information

Autosomes

Pairs 1-22, responsible for characteristics

Sex Chromosomes

Pair 23, determines gender

Syndrome

A collection of symptoms or traits

Photosynthesis

The process of combining water and carbon dioxide in the presence of light to produce oxygen and glucose

Autotrophs

Organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis

Heterotrophs

Organisms that cannot produce their own food

Leaf Structure

Cuticle

Veins

Epidermis (upper and lower)

Stomata

Palisade mesophyll

Chloroplast Structure

Inner membrane

Outer membrane

Granum

Stomata

Thylakoid

Lamella

Xylem

Transports water in plants

Stomata

Allows for gas exchange in plants

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells

Xylem

A plant tube that transports water in one direction.

Stomata

Small openings on the surface of leaves where gas exchange occurs.

Chloroplast

Organelles found in plant cells where light energy is converted into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Eutrophication

The process in which a body of water receives excessive nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, leading to the overgrowth of algae.