GEN S Mid-temr

People living with HIV in 2020

37.6 million [30.2 -> 45.0 million]

New HIV Infections in 2020

1.5 million [1.1 -> 2.1 million]

Deaths due to AIDS in 2020

690000 [480000 -> 1 million]

What does HIV stand for?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

What is HIV?

• A retrovirus that leads to AIDS if left untreated

What does AIDS stand for?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

What is AIDS?

• A life-threatening syndrome caused by a virus and characterized by the breakdown of the body's immune defenses (i.e. deterioration of the immune system)

Acquired in AIDS means?

Virus received from someone else

Immune in AIDS means?

Immune system; the human body's natural defense mechanisms against disease-causing microorganisms

Deficiency in AIDS means?

Deterioration of the immune system

Syndrome in AIDS means?

Group of signs and symptoms that together define AIDS as a human disease

When was AIDS reported

• For the United States, in June 1981 from immunodeficiency in gay men (e.g. "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 homosexuals")

• However, there were five cases in heterosexual women that weren't reported until October 1982 by Henry Masur

• July 1982: From Hemophiliacs, Blood Transfusions, Injecting drug users

First Definition of AIDS in 1982

• No single characteristic

• Cellular immune deficiency, absence of underlying cause (based on clinical description of symptoms)

-Modified '83, '85, '87: Onset of life threatening illness and end-stage of disease process

• Redefined '93, '94, '00: <200 CD4/T4 Lymphocytes or <14% total Lymphocytes, 23 conditions now including TB < cervical cancer, recurrent pneumonia

The discovery of AIDS included

• July 1982: bodily fluids (blood, semen)

• Jan 1983: First case of AIDS in heterosexuals

• Mid '83CA

• All heterosexual & neither IDUs nor their partners

The discovery of HIV included

• HIV-1 discovered at Pasteur Institute (led by Luc Montagnier)

• Battling with Robert Gallo of HTLV 3

• HIV-2 85WA

1985 West Africa

• A, B, C, E, O subtypes

Attempts to name the Syndrome

• Four-H Disease

• Gay pneumonia

• Gay Related Immune Deficiency (GRID)

• Gay Compromise Syndrome

• A.I.D.S

• AIDS

• Gay Cancer

Early names for HIV/AIDS

• HTLV 3 (Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus) by Robert Gallo

• LAV (Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus) by Luc Montagnier

• GRID

• ARC (AIDS Related Complex)

1959

Oldest known infection of AIDS

Crossover from Chimpanzees

Chimpanzees acquired their infections from hunting & consuming infected primates (just like humans)

Zoonosis

Transmitted to humans from animals

• Chimpanzees & HIV-1

• Sooty Mangabey & HIV-2

What makes the epidemic unique?

• Transmitted primarily through sex

• Rapidly spreading

• Long asymptomatic period

• Attacks most productive age group

• Involved within politics & public health

• Expensive & toxic drugs

• Economic crisis

Koch's Postulates

CIRF

• Causative agent must be found in all cases

• Isolated from host

• Reproduce og disease in other hosts

• Found in experimental host infected

What is a virus

Microscopic particles of biological material "life-like agents"

• Genetic material within protein coat

• Viruses need host cell to replicate

• NOT self-sufficient living cells

Viral Genomes can...

be made from DNA or RNA

CD4 Cells

are T Cells & Macrophages that fight off infections; HIV destroys these cells

HIV attaches to what host cells

• CD4 Cells: T Cells, Macrophages

• Lymphocytes: T Cells, B Cells

HIV Life Cycle

BFRIRAB

1. Binding

2. Fusion

3. Reverse Transcription

4. Integration

5. Replication

6. Assembly

7. Budding

9 Genes of HIV

PEG

Pol, env, gag = Structural Proteins

TR

Tat, rev = Regulatory Proteins

NVVV

Nef, vif, vpu, vpr = Accessory Proteins

Most viruses are...

harmless

Viruses enter in various ways

FEH