Biology 1410 midterm

Define Anatomy

the study of internal and external body structures, which includes their physical relationship between structures

for example: bones and msucles

What are the two subdivisions of anatomy?

Gross anatomy and Micro anatomy

What type of anatomy that does not require a microscope, is visible to the naked eye called?

Gross anatomy

What is micro anatomy?

anatomy that requires a microscope

Define cytology

Study of internal structures of individual cells

What is the study of tissues called?

Histology

What are the six levels of organization? (in order from simplest-complex)

Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organism

What does the Chemical level consist of?

atoms which form molecules

What happens in the Cellular level?

molecules form organelles, which then form cells

What is the basic unit structure?

cell

What makes cells function differently?

Their chemical structure

What types of cells form tissue?

a group of cells that share a similar structure and function can form a tissue

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Nervous tissue, Muscle tissue, Epithelial tissue, and connective tissue

What makes up an organ level?

2 or more tissues working together for a common function (=organ)

What happens in an organ system level?

similar organs working together to form a system (to accomplish a common purpose)

What happens in an Organism level?

all the systems working together to maintain life

What is an atom?

Basic unit of matter

What parts make up an atom?

a nucleus, which has electrons orbiting it and protons and neutrons within it

What is the charge of protons, electrons and neutrons?

protons = +

neutrons = 0 (neutral)

electrons = -

What charge do atoms hold? why?

atoms are neutral, because they have the same number of protons to electrons

Define an ion

A charged atom

When an ion is negatively charged it is a:

Anion

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion

What must happen for an ion to be turned into a cation? anion?

cation: the loss of electrons leaves the ion positively charged

anion: the gain of electrons leaves the ion negatively charged

_____________ bonds hold atoms together forming _______________

chemical, molecules

What are the two types of bonds?

ionic and covalent bonds

What are ionic bonds?

Bonds which include the transfer of electrons between atoms

-bonds that occur between cations and anions

What are covalent bonds?

Bonds between atoms which do not include the transfer of electrons, but rather the sharing of electrons

-these bonds are between anions

Give me an example of a ionic and covalent bond

Ionic: any metal with a non-metal molecule (NaCl, H2O, KCl)

covalent: any 2 non-metal molecule (BrCl, O2, CO2)

What are organic substances?

covalently bonded carbon atoms

What are inorganic substances?

Usually lack of carbon atoms

What are some exceptions to inorganic substances?

H2CO3, HCO3, CO2, CO

Give an example of organic substance

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What is the most abundant substance in cells?

water

What is the chemical formula of Water

H2O

Are water molecules polar or non polar?

polar

What makes water polar?

The uneven distribution of electrons leads to a slight charge difference

in what substance do many reactions of the body take place?

Water

At what temperature does water maintain out bodies?

approx. 37 degrees Celsius

Are acids and bases organic, inorganic or neither?

they can be any of these

What are acids?

compounds that dissociate in water and release H+ ions

What are bases?

substances that bind to free H+ ions in water

What makes the pH scale decrease?

When an acid is added the pH scale decreases because more free H+ ions are "swimming around"

-As H+ ions increase the pH scale decreases

What makes the pH scale increase?

When a basic substance is added, the amount of free H+ ions decreases because they bind to that basic substance

-As H+ ions decrease the pH scale increases

What is the relationship between Hydrogen and the pH scale?

Negative Relationship, as one increases the other decreases and vice versa

pH scale: 0--------____________--------7---------_______________----------14

What type of substances fall between pH scale values: 1-7, and 7-14?

acids, bases

What is the pH scale of blood?

approx.7.35-7.45

What are the 5 important organic substances?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids, ATP (Adenoise Triphosphate)

What do carbohydrates consist of? (elements)

C, H, O

What do Lipids consist of? (elements)

C, H, O

What do Proteins consist of? (elements)

C, H, N, O (sometimes S)

What do Nucleic acids consist of? (elements)

C, H, N, O, P

What is (are) the function of Carbohydrates?

source of energy for cells

support cellular structures

What is (are) the function of Lipids?

Source of energy

Protect organs

Build cell membrane

What is (are) the function of Proteins?

Source of energy

Structural material

enzymes

hormones

transporters

antibodies

In what case do proteins act as a source of energy?

When carbohydrates and lipids are in low supply

What is the function of DNA?

cellular reproduction (used as a template to make RNA)

What is the function of RNA?

protein synthesis

What is the function of ATP?

store energy and provide energy when needed

What is a monosaccharide?

The basic building blocks for all other carbohydrates

Give me an example of a monosaccharide

Glucose

fructose

ribose

deoxyrebose

What are two covalently bonded monosaccharides called?

a dissaccharide

What is an example of a disaccharide?

sucrose

What are more than 2 monosaccharides bonded together called?

Polysaccharide

Give me an example of a polysaccharide

Glycogen

starch

What are some examples of lipids?

waxes

fats

oils

fatty acids

Are lipids polar or non-polar?

non-polar

Are lipids soluble in water?

No, they are hydrophobic

What are the 4 types of lipids?

Glycerides

Phospholipids

Cholesterol

Steroids

What is the most common lipid in the body and diet?

Glycogen

What is the composition of glycogen?

1. glycerol

2. fatty acids

What is a glycerol with 1 fatty acid called? 2? 3?

glycerol+ 1 fatty acid= monoglyceride

glycerol+ 2 fatty acids= diglyceride

glycerol+ 3 fatty acids- triglyceride

What differs a phospholipid from a glyceride? Structurally

A phospholipid has a phosphate head group along with a fatty acid and glycerol, where as a glyceride only has a glycerol and fatty acid(s)

Which part of the phospholipid is polar/soluble? if any.

The phosphate head

What is hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

Hydrophilic is "water loving" (soluble in water)

Hydrohobic is "water hating" (insoluble in water)

Where are cholesterol found?

inside the cell membrane

What is function of cholesterol?

used for synthesizing steroids

Where do steroids come from?

cholesterol

What are some examples of Steroids?

bile salts, vitamin D, hormones (testosteron, estrogen, ect)

What are amino acids?

basic building blocks for proteins

What are dipeptides?

2 amino acids

What do you call more than 2 amino acids?

polypeptide

What is a protein composed from?

one or more polypeptides folded together into a certain shape

What are the two forms of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?

nucleotides

What does each nucleotide contain?

phosphate group, simple sugar, organic base

What is the sugar in RNA? DNA?

RNA: ribose

DNA: deoxyribose

What are the organic bases for DNA? RNA? Who do they pair up with?

DNA: Thymine-Adenine, Guanine-Cytosine

RNA: Uracil-Adenine, Guanine-Cytosine

What is the shape of DNA?

double helix (twisted ladder)

What do alternating sugars and phosphate group form? bases?

"uprights". "rugs"

What is the difference between the shape of DNA and RNA

DNA is double stranded, where RNA is only 1 strand

What is the function of ATP?

store energy and power cellular activities

What type of bonds does ATP store its energy in?

covalent bonds

What is the structure of ATP?

3 phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine

What can be said about ATP in relational to RNA?

It is a modifies RNA nucleotide

How does every that is stored in ATP used?

After the covalent bonds are broken usable energy is "released/created"

What is the chemical formula for ATP release of energy?

ATP---->ADP(Adenoise diphosphate)+Phosphate (inorganic phosphate)

What is a cell?

Basic structural and functional unit of life

What is the principle parts of the cell? (3)

Cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

What are the 2 other names for cell membrane?

Plasma membrane and Plasmalemma