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Define Anatomy
the study of internal and external body structures, which includes their physical relationship between structures
for example: bones and msucles
What are the two subdivisions of anatomy?
Gross anatomy and Micro anatomy
What type of anatomy that does not require a microscope, is visible to the naked eye called?
Gross anatomy
What is micro anatomy?
anatomy that requires a microscope
Define cytology
Study of internal structures of individual cells
What is the study of tissues called?
Histology
What are the six levels of organization? (in order from simplest-complex)
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organism
What does the Chemical level consist of?
atoms which form molecules
What happens in the Cellular level?
molecules form organelles, which then form cells
What is the basic unit structure?
cell
What makes cells function differently?
Their chemical structure
What types of cells form tissue?
a group of cells that share a similar structure and function can form a tissue
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Nervous tissue, Muscle tissue, Epithelial tissue, and connective tissue
What makes up an organ level?
2 or more tissues working together for a common function (=organ)
What happens in an organ system level?
similar organs working together to form a system (to accomplish a common purpose)
What happens in an Organism level?
all the systems working together to maintain life
What is an atom?
Basic unit of matter
What parts make up an atom?
a nucleus, which has electrons orbiting it and protons and neutrons within it
What is the charge of protons, electrons and neutrons?
protons = +
neutrons = 0 (neutral)
electrons = -
What charge do atoms hold? why?
atoms are neutral, because they have the same number of protons to electrons
Define an ion
A charged atom
When an ion is negatively charged it is a:
Anion
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion
What must happen for an ion to be turned into a cation? anion?
cation: the loss of electrons leaves the ion positively charged
anion: the gain of electrons leaves the ion negatively charged
_____________ bonds hold atoms together forming _______________
chemical, molecules
What are the two types of bonds?
ionic and covalent bonds
What are ionic bonds?
Bonds which include the transfer of electrons between atoms
-bonds that occur between cations and anions
What are covalent bonds?
Bonds between atoms which do not include the transfer of electrons, but rather the sharing of electrons
-these bonds are between anions
Give me an example of a ionic and covalent bond
Ionic: any metal with a non-metal molecule (NaCl, H2O, KCl)
covalent: any 2 non-metal molecule (BrCl, O2, CO2)
What are organic substances?
covalently bonded carbon atoms
What are inorganic substances?
Usually lack of carbon atoms
What are some exceptions to inorganic substances?
H2CO3, HCO3, CO2, CO
Give an example of organic substance
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What is the most abundant substance in cells?
water
What is the chemical formula of Water
H2O
Are water molecules polar or non polar?
polar
What makes water polar?
The uneven distribution of electrons leads to a slight charge difference
in what substance do many reactions of the body take place?
Water
At what temperature does water maintain out bodies?
approx. 37 degrees Celsius
Are acids and bases organic, inorganic or neither?
they can be any of these
What are acids?
compounds that dissociate in water and release H+ ions
What are bases?
substances that bind to free H+ ions in water
What makes the pH scale decrease?
When an acid is added the pH scale decreases because more free H+ ions are "swimming around"
-As H+ ions increase the pH scale decreases
What makes the pH scale increase?
When a basic substance is added, the amount of free H+ ions decreases because they bind to that basic substance
-As H+ ions decrease the pH scale increases
What is the relationship between Hydrogen and the pH scale?
Negative Relationship, as one increases the other decreases and vice versa
pH scale: 0--------____________--------7---------_______________----------14
What type of substances fall between pH scale values: 1-7, and 7-14?
acids, bases
What is the pH scale of blood?
approx.7.35-7.45
What are the 5 important organic substances?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids, ATP (Adenoise Triphosphate)
What do carbohydrates consist of? (elements)
C, H, O
What do Lipids consist of? (elements)
C, H, O
What do Proteins consist of? (elements)
C, H, N, O (sometimes S)
What do Nucleic acids consist of? (elements)
C, H, N, O, P
What is (are) the function of Carbohydrates?
source of energy for cells
support cellular structures
What is (are) the function of Lipids?
Source of energy
Protect organs
Build cell membrane
What is (are) the function of Proteins?
Source of energy
Structural material
enzymes
hormones
transporters
antibodies
In what case do proteins act as a source of energy?
When carbohydrates and lipids are in low supply
What is the function of DNA?
cellular reproduction (used as a template to make RNA)
What is the function of RNA?
protein synthesis
What is the function of ATP?
store energy and provide energy when needed
What is a monosaccharide?
The basic building blocks for all other carbohydrates
Give me an example of a monosaccharide
Glucose
fructose
ribose
deoxyrebose
What are two covalently bonded monosaccharides called?
a dissaccharide
What is an example of a disaccharide?
sucrose
What are more than 2 monosaccharides bonded together called?
Polysaccharide
Give me an example of a polysaccharide
Glycogen
starch
What are some examples of lipids?
waxes
fats
oils
fatty acids
Are lipids polar or non-polar?
non-polar
Are lipids soluble in water?
No, they are hydrophobic
What are the 4 types of lipids?
Glycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Steroids
What is the most common lipid in the body and diet?
Glycogen
What is the composition of glycogen?
1. glycerol
2. fatty acids
What is a glycerol with 1 fatty acid called? 2? 3?
glycerol+ 1 fatty acid= monoglyceride
glycerol+ 2 fatty acids= diglyceride
glycerol+ 3 fatty acids- triglyceride
What differs a phospholipid from a glyceride? Structurally
A phospholipid has a phosphate head group along with a fatty acid and glycerol, where as a glyceride only has a glycerol and fatty acid(s)
Which part of the phospholipid is polar/soluble? if any.
The phosphate head
What is hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic is "water loving" (soluble in water)
Hydrohobic is "water hating" (insoluble in water)
Where are cholesterol found?
inside the cell membrane
What is function of cholesterol?
used for synthesizing steroids
Where do steroids come from?
cholesterol
What are some examples of Steroids?
bile salts, vitamin D, hormones (testosteron, estrogen, ect)
What are amino acids?
basic building blocks for proteins
What are dipeptides?
2 amino acids
What do you call more than 2 amino acids?
polypeptide
What is a protein composed from?
one or more polypeptides folded together into a certain shape
What are the two forms of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?
nucleotides
What does each nucleotide contain?
phosphate group, simple sugar, organic base
What is the sugar in RNA? DNA?
RNA: ribose
DNA: deoxyribose
What are the organic bases for DNA? RNA? Who do they pair up with?
DNA: Thymine-Adenine, Guanine-Cytosine
RNA: Uracil-Adenine, Guanine-Cytosine
What is the shape of DNA?
double helix (twisted ladder)
What do alternating sugars and phosphate group form? bases?
"uprights". "rugs"
What is the difference between the shape of DNA and RNA
DNA is double stranded, where RNA is only 1 strand
What is the function of ATP?
store energy and power cellular activities
What type of bonds does ATP store its energy in?
covalent bonds
What is the structure of ATP?
3 phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine
What can be said about ATP in relational to RNA?
It is a modifies RNA nucleotide
How does every that is stored in ATP used?
After the covalent bonds are broken usable energy is "released/created"
What is the chemical formula for ATP release of energy?
ATP---->ADP(Adenoise diphosphate)+Phosphate (inorganic phosphate)
What is a cell?
Basic structural and functional unit of life
What is the principle parts of the cell? (3)
Cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
What are the 2 other names for cell membrane?
Plasma membrane and Plasmalemma
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