HES 029 CHAPTER 1

REVIEWER

human anatomy and physiology

Study of structure and function of the human body; prepares us to evaluate recommended treatments

human anatomy and physiology

the coordinated function of all the parts of the human body allows us to detect changes in stimuli, respond to stimuli, and perform many other actions.

Anatomy and Physiology

two branches of science that provides the foundation for understanding the body's part and functions

anatomy

study of structures of the body; means to dissect or cut apart and separate the parts of the body for study

anatomy

science of body structure and the relationship among them; it was first study by dissection

dissection

the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

systematic anatomy, regional anatomy

Two basic approaches to the study of anatomy

systematic anatomy

study of the body systems, such as cardiovascular, muscle, nervous, skeletal

regional anatomy

the study of the organization of the body by areas whereby all systems are studied simultaneously

surface anatomy, anatomical imaging

Two general ways to examine the internal structures of a living person

surface anatomy

the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures

anatomical imaging

involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures

physiology

scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things. how the body and its parts work or function.

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

6 levels of organization of the body

chemical level

involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules; very basic level, includes atoms and molecules joined together.

cell level

molecules form organelles which make up cells; the basic structural and functional unit of an organism that are composed of chemicals

tissue level

groups of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function

organ level

different types of tissues are joined together; structures that composed of two or more dif. types of tissues to perform functions

organ system level

consists of related organs with a common function; group of organs classified as unit because of common function

organism level

any living individual considered as whole; the human organism is a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent on one another.

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

11 organ system of the human body

life

the most important common feature of all organisms

integumentary system

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. (skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.)

Muscular System

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

skeletal system

provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores mineral and adipose tissue ( bones associated cartilages, ligaments, joints)

nervous system

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

endocrine system

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.

cardiovascular system

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

lymphatic system

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

respiratory system

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

digestive system

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

urinary system

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

reproductive system

produces oocytes for females and sperm cells for males for reproduction and hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

6 essential characteristics of life

organization

specific interrelationship of the many individual part of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions

metabolism

ability to use energy to perform vital functions; sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

catabolism, anabolism

two types of metabolism

Responsiveness

ability to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintains its life; body's ability to detect and respond to changes

growth

increase in size of all or parts of an organism. it can result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells

growth

increase in the body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells

development

includes the changes an organism undergoes through time; begins with fertilization and ends at death

reproduction

formation of new cells or new organisms; refers either formation of new cells for tissue, growth, repair or replacement; production of new individual

Homeostasis

condition in which body functions, body fluids and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life

Homeostasis

a dynamic condition; condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment

Homeostasis

maintenance of variable, such as body temperature, around an ideal normal value, or set point.

variables

measures of body properties that may change in value

blood glucose level, heart rate, blood cell counts, blood pressure, respiratory rate

examples of variables

homeostatic mechanisms

such as sweating or shivering normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point

homeostatic mechanisms

are not able to maintain body temperature precisely at the set point

normal range

normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point

feedback systems/feedback loops

cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, and so on

stimulus

any disruption that changes a controlled condition; a changed variable because it initiates a homeostatic mechanism

receptor, control center, effector

3 components of a feedback system

receptor

monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature; body structure that monitors changes in the controlled condition; send input to a control center

control center

the brain; establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained;

effector

can change the value of the variable; body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect

negative feedback

regulates most of the body, which maintain homeostasis; occurs when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted

negative feedback

does not prevent variation but maintains variation within a normal range; reverse a change in a controlled condition

positive feedback

initial stimulus further stimulates the response; deviation from the set point becomes even greater; required to re-achieve homeostasis.

anatomical position

person standing erect with face and palms forward; standard position of reference

anatomical position

all relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation

supine

person lying face up

prone

person lying face down

directional terms

always refers to the anatomical position, regardless of the body's actual position

right

towards the body's right side

left

Toward the body's left side

superior

above / towards the head, or the upper structure

inferior

below / away from the head or the lower part of a structure

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

posterior (dorsal)

back of the body

medial

close or toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

close to the point of attachment; nearer to the origination of a structure

distal

farther from the point of attachment; farther from the origination of a structure

superficial (external)

toward the surface of the body

deep (internal)

away from the surface of the body; structure toward the interior of the body

sagittal plane, transverse, frontal

body planes

sagittal plane

cut along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the body dividing the body to left and right parts/halves

transverse plane

cross sectional or horizontal plane; horizontal plane cutting the body into superior and inferior parts

frontal plane

coronal plane; vertical plane, lengthwise between lateral surfaces. divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions

midsagittal or median plane

sagittal plane along the midline that divides body into equal left and right halves

parasagittal plane

sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left halves

upper limbs, lower limbs, central region

body regions

upper arm, forearm, wrist

upper limb

thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot

lower limbs

head, neck, trunk

central region of the body

thoracic, mediastinum, abdominal, pelvic, oral and digestive, orbital, middle ear, nasal

body cavities

thoracic cavity

space within chest walls and diaphragm; contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea; surrounded by ribcage separated from the abdominal cavity by a dome shaped muscle

Mediastinum

space between the lungs. It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, and other structures.

abdominal cavity

space between diaphragm and pelvis; bounded primarily by abdominal muscles; contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys

abdominopelvic cavity

since abdominal and pelvic cavity is not physically separated

pelvic cavity

space within pelvis; contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestines; small space enclosed by bones of the pelvis

oral and digestive cavity

Commonly called the mouth, contains the teeth and tongue.

orbital cavity

Located in the skull, houses the eyes

middle ear cavity

carved into the skull just medial to the eardrums; contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears

nasal cavity

located posterior to the nose; part of the respiratory system passage

longitudinal, transverse/cross-section, oblique

sections

longitudinal section

cut along the length of an organ

transverse/cross section

cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog into round pieces

oblique section

cut is made diagonally across the long axis