unit test

Hours of sleep lost

What are hormones

Hormones are substances that are secreted by glands directly into the bloodstream.

What does the endocrine system consist of

(good question idk) pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, pineal body, and placenta

What's another name for hormones

Chemical messengers

What is the pituitary gland also called

Master Gland

What is the name of the non cancer tumor in the pituitary gland that causes Acromegaly

adenoma

What are some treatment options for acromegaly

Medication that decrease growth hormone and surgical removal/ radiation

What are some symptoms of acromegaly

Enlargement of the bones of the hand, feet, and face. Skin and tongue thicken. Slurred speech

What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly

Acromegaly is when the somatotropin is over secreted in an adult and gigantism is when it happens before puberty.

What are some treatment options for gigantism

Medication to reduce growth hormone

What are some symptoms of gigantism

excessive growth of long bones, extreme tallness, decreased sexual development, and at times, retarded mental development.

What are some risk factors of diabetes insipidus

Pituitary surgery, trauma, encephalopathy, autoimmune disorder

What does a low level ADH do

It prevents water from being reabsorbed into the kidneys.

What are some symptoms of Diabetes insipidus

polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), dehydration, weakness, constipation, and dry skin.

What is the main cause of dwarfism

It is mostly because of a random genetic mutation

What are some treatment options for dwarfism

Treated with injections of somatotropic hormone

What are some symptoms for dwarfism

adult height less than 4 feet 10 inches, small body size, short extremities, and lack of sexual development. Mental development is usually normal.

What does the thyroid gland require to make hormones

Iodine

What is a goiter

The enlargement of the thyroid gland.

What are some treatment options for a goiter

Surgery or iodine if deficiency exists

What are some symptoms or Goiter

thyroid enlargement, dysphagia (difficult swallowing), dyspnea (difficult breathing), a cough, and a choking sensation.

What happens when there is an increased production of thyroid hormones

extreme nervousness, tremors, irritability, rapid pulse, diarrhea, diaphoresis , heat intolerance, polydipsia, goiter formation, and hypertension, excessive appetite

What are some treatment options

antithyroid medication

What happens if the thyroid is removed or destroyed

thyroid hormones are given for the lifetime of the individual.

What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism

extreme nervousness, tremors, irritability, rapid pulse, diarrhea, diaphoresis (excessive perspiration), heat intolerance, polydipsia (excessive thirst), goiter formation, and hypertension. An excessive appetite with extreme weight loss is a classic symptom.

What is graves' disease

severe form of hyperthyroidism

What is the treatment for graves' disease

medication to inhibit the synthesis of thyroxine

What are some symptoms of Graves' disease

strained and tense facial expression, exophthalmia (protruding eyeballs), goiter, nervous irritability, emotional instability, tachycardia, a tremendous appetite accompanied by weight loss, and diarrhea.

What is hypothyroidism

underactivity of the thyroid gland and a deficiency of thyroid hormones

What is the treatment for Hypothyroidism

administering oral thyroid hormone to restore normal metabolism

What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism

coarse, dry skin; slow mental function; fatigue; weakness; intolerance of cold; weight gain; edema; puffy eyes; and a slow pulse.

What is Hyperparathyroidism

overactivity of the parathyroid gland resulting in an overproduction of parathormone

What is the treatment for Hyperparathyroidism

surgical removal of the parathyroids followed by administration of parathormone

What are symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

hypercalcemia (increased calcium in the blood), which leads to renal calculi (kidney stones) formation, lethargy, gastrointestinal disturbances, and calcium deposits on the walls of blood vessels and organs. Because the calcium is drawn from the bones, they become weak, deformed, and likely to fracture.

What is Hypoparathyroidism

underactivity of the parathyroid gland, which causes a low level of calcium and a high level of phosphorus in the blood

What is the treatment for Hypoparathyroidism

calcium, vitamin D (which increases the absorption of calcium and increases elimination of phosphorus), and parathormone.

What are some symptoms of hypoparathyroidism

low level of calcium and a high level of phosphorous in the blood. Tetany (a sustained muscular contraction), hyperirritability of the nervous system, convulsive twitching, and patchy hair loss. Death can occur if the larynx and respiratory muscles are involved.

What is another name for the adrenal glands

suprarenal glands

What are the names for the two parts of the glands

the outer portion, or cortex, and the inner portion, or medulla

What is Addison's disease

interferes with the reabsorption of sodium and water and causes an increased level of potassium in the blood

What is the treatment for Addison's disease

administering corticosteroid hormones, controlled intake of sodium, and fluid regulation to combat dehydration.

What are symptoms of Addison's disease

dehydration, diarrhea, fatigue, hypotension (low blood pressure), anorexia (lack of appetite), weight loss, muscle weakness, edema, excessive pigmentation leading to a "bronzing" (yellow brown color) of the skin, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), mental lethargy, and in severe cases, coma and death.

What is Cushing's syndrome

oversecretion of glucocorticoids on the part of the adrenal cortex

What is the treatment for Cushing's syndrome

removal of the tumor. Radiation can also be used to stop the growth of abnormal cells

What are some symptoms of Cushing's syndrome

hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), hypertension, muscle weakness, fatigue, hirsutism (excessive growth and/or an abnormal distribution of hair), poor wound healing, a tendency to bruise easily, a "moon" face, a fatty hump between the shoulders, and obesity.

What is the pancreas

fish shaped organ located behind the stomach

What do pancreatic juices do

aid in the digestion of food

What is Diabetes mellitus

chronic disease caused by decreased secretion of insulin or by body cells resistant to the effect of insulin

What is the treatment for Diabetes mellitus

regulated diet to control the blood sugar level, regulated exercise, and oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin injections.

What is the treatment for Diabetes mellitus that can replace insulin injections

External and implantable insulin pumps that monitor blood glucose levels and deliver the required amount of insulin

What are some symptoms of Diabetes mellitus

hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger), glycosuria (sugar in the urine), weight loss, fatigue, slow healing of skin infections, and vision changes. If the condition is not treated, diabetic coma and death may occur.

Where are the ovaries located

located in the pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus

What hormones do the ovaries secrete

secrete hormones that regulate menstruation and secondary sexual characteristics

What are the names of hormones that the ovaries secrete

Estrogen, Progesterone

What does estrogen do

Promotes growth and development of sex organs in female individuals

What does Progesterone do

Maintains lining of uterus

Where are the testes located (for the reproductive system)

located in the scrotal sac and are suspended outside the body

What hormones do the testes secrete

regulate sexual characteristics of the male

What are the names of hormones that the testes secrete

Testosterone

What does Testosterone do

Stimulates growth and development of sex organs in male individuals, stimulates maturation of sperm

Where are the thymus located

located in the upper part of the chest and under the sternum

What hormones do the thymus secrete

It produces one hormone, thymosin

What does thymosin do

Stimulates production of lymphocytes and antibodies in early life

What happens to the thymus during puberty

atrophies (wastes away) during puberty

Where is the pineal body located

small structure attached to the roof of the third ventricle in the brain

What are the names of hormones that the pineal body secrete

Melatonin, Adrenoglomerulotropin, Serotonin

What does Melatonin do

May delay puberty by inhibiting gonadotropic (sex) hormones, may regulate sleep/wake cycles

What does Adrenoglomerulotropin do

May stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

What does Serotonin do

May prevent vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the brain, inhibits gastric secretions

What is the placenta

temporary endocrine gland produced during pregnancy

What does the placenta do

acts as a link between the mother and infant, provides nutrition for the developing infant, and promotes lactation

What does Estrogen do in the placenta

Stimulates growth of reproductive organs

What does Chorionic gonadotropin do in the placenta

Causes corpus luteum of ovary to continue secretions

What does Progesterone do in the placenta

Maintains lining of uterus to provide fetal nutrition

Where are the testes located

The two testes are located in the scrotum, a sac suspended between the thighs.

What is essential for the production of sperm

Low temperature

Where is the epididymis located and how long is it

coiled tube approximately 20 feet in length and located in the scrotum and above the testes

What does the epididymis connect to

the vas deferens

What does the vas deferens receive from the epididymis

It receives sperm and fluid

What happens to the vas deferens during a vasectomy

They are cut to produce sterility in the male

What are the seminal vesicles

two small pouchlike tubes located behind the bladder and near the junction of the vas deferens and the ejaculatory ducts

What does the glandular lining produce

produces a thick, yellow fluid that is rich in sugar and other substances and provides nourishment for the sperm

What are the ejaculatory ducts

are two short tubes formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles

What does the ejaculatory duct carry

carry the sperm and fluids known collectively as semen through the prostate gland and into the urethra

What is the prostate gland

A donut shaped gland located below the urinary bladder on either side of the urethra.

What does the prostate gland produce

A alkaline secretion that increases sperm motility and neutralizes the acidity in the vagina

What are the Cowper's glands

two small glands located below the prostate and connected by small tubes to the urethra

What do the Cowper's glands secrete

secrete mucus, which serves as a lubricant for intercourse

What does the alkaline fluid that the Cowper's glands secrete help with

decreases the acidity of the urine residue in the urethra, providing a more favorable environment for the sperm

What is the urethra

tube that extends from the urinary bladder, through the penis, and to the outside of the body

What does the urethra carry

carries urine from the urinary bladder and semen from the reproductive tubes

What is Epididymitis

inflammation of the epididymis, usually caused by a pathogenic organism such as gonococcus, streptococcus, or staphylococcus

What is the treatment for Epididymitis

antibiotics, cold applications, scrotal support, and pain medication

What are the symptoms of Epididymitis

intense pain in the testes, swelling, and fever

What is Orchitis

inflammation of the testes, usually caused by the virus that causes mumps, bacterial infections from sexually transmitted infections, or injury

What is the treatment for Orchitis

antibiotics (if indicated), antipyretics (for fever), scrotal support, and pain medication

What are the symptoms of Orchitis

intense pain in the testes, swelling, and fever

What are the Preventions of Orchitis

include mumps vaccinations and observing measures to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

What is Prostatic hypertrophy

enlargement of the prostate gland

What is the treatment for Prostatic hypertrophy

fluid restriction, antibiotics (for bacterial infections), and prostatic massage

What are the symptoms of Prostatic hypertrophy

difficulty in starting to urinate, frequent urination, nocturia (voiding at night), dribbling, urinary infections, and urinary retention when the urethra is blocked