Video #2

About how many people immigrated to the US between 1836 to 1914?

over 30 million

What was the place called where most immigrants went to first when arriving to the US?

Ellis Island

When did Jose Marti arrive in the United States?

January 1880

How old was Jose Marti when he arrived in the US?

27

Who was the 27-year old exile who arrived in New York from Cuba in January 1880?

Jose Marti

Who composed the earliest communities of Latinos in New York?

Puerto Ricans and Cubans

What did the trade routes bring to the US from Puerto Rico and Cuba?

tobacco, coffee, and sugar

How ere the US and Latin American countries linked as the new century dawned?

They were linked by trade or taken by conquest

What was the reason for the huge Latino presence in the United States?

The U.S.'s territorial expansion

When was Puerto Rico acquired by the United States?

1898

How was Puerto Rico acquired by the US?

by war in 1898

Approximately how many Puerto Ricans would arrive in New York after the US acquired the island?

Tens of thousands

True or False: There were more Puerto Ricans in the US than in Puerto Rico in the 1900's.

True

Approximately how many immigrants would arrive from Mexico in the late 1800's to early 1900's?

Nearly 1 million

What did the train tracks bring from Mexico to the US?

silver, copper, and Mexicans fleeing the violent Mexican Revolution

What did many immigrants like Juan Salvador Villasenor believe the United States was like?

Like a paradise, with food and jobs for everyone

About how many Mexicans and Mexican-Americans were deported during the Great Depression?

half a million

Where was Emilia Castaneda born?

Los Angeles, California

What was the first thing Emilia Castaneda's dad put in the trunk when moving?

his working tools and a couple of blankets

What were the last pieces left of Spain's vast American empire after many of the Latin American countries achieved their independence half a century earlier?

Cuba and Puerto Rico

For how many years did Spain rule Cuba, roughly?

300

When did Cubans revolt against Spanish rule?

1868

How old was Jose Marti when he wrote his first poem?

15 years old

What inspired Marti to write his first poem?

the Cuban uprising against the Spanish

Finish the excerpt from Marti's first poem: "At last I will be covered by glory..."

"...The liberator of my anguished homeland"

What was Marti already publishing at the ages of 15-16?

a newspaper in Cuba advocating for independence

How is Marti described by historians?

An idealist and a romantic

What was Jose Marti charged with/tried for?

Treason, for writing letters linked to the Cuban revolt

What was Jose Marti sentenced to for writing letters linked to the Cuban revolt?

forced labor

Why did Jose Marti's mother plead for her son to be released from forced labor?

The chains attached to his legs lacerated him severely

What did the Spanish government do to Marti when she pleaded to them that he be released?

They exiled him

After being exiled from Cuba, for how many years did Jose Marti wander the world?

10 years

When did Jose Marti arrive to New York?

1880

Who is venerated as "the father of Cuban Independence"?

Jose Marti

How old is Jose Marti when he arrives in New York?

27

Why did many revolutionaries from the Americas go to the United States?

The US was a safe place to plot for the independence of his country

What ideas/ideals drew Jose Marti to the United States?

The dream of equality, the dream of freedom

In comparison to his homeland, America was \______________.

intellectually free and dynamic

Why was it easier to be a journalist in the US compared to in Cuba?

Spanish agents weren't looking over your shoulder

What did Marti work as while he was in the US?

A correspondent for leading South American journals

What did Jose Marti write about for the South American journals while he was in the US?

Every aspect of life in America

What were some events that Jose Marti covered while reporting from the US?

the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge, the Haymarket Square Affair, executions, lynchings

What caused Jose Marti to lose faith in the US?

The racism of the Jim Crow era and the inequities of New York City in the "Age of the Robber Barons"

What does Jose Marti realize as he becomes disillusioned with the USA?

That the US is not an appropriate model for the Cuba that he envisions

What is the vision that Marti has for Cuba?

Marti envisions a Cuba for people of ALL races and of ALL economic backgrounds

Around what year does Marti change from being an observer to a full-time political actor?

1891

From where did Marti organize an insurrection in Cuba?

From the safety of the US

Where did Marti go to organize an insurrection?

Key West and Ybor City near Tampa (Florida)

How many Cubans had settled around cigar factories for Marti's insurrection?

15,000 Cubans

What would Cuban cigar makers pool their resources for?

To hire a man that would read to them during the day

Why were the Cuban cigar workers very informed and politically savvy?

They had a lector read to them during the work day from newspapers, novels and plays

Who were the "heart and soul" of the Cuban revolution?

cigar workers

What party did Jose Marti found?

Cuban Revolutionary Party

What was the name of the newspaper Jose Marti published?

La patria

What did Marti warn his fellow Cubans about in his newspaper, La patria?

the threat of the United States' growing power

Finish the quote: "If Cubans want a nation they can command..."

"...they must win their own independence."

How was Marti different from other emigres who fled to the US?

Instead of asking for the US's help, he does not want to call attention to the cause of Cuba in the US

How many times does the US try to buy Cuba from Spain in the 19th century?

2 times

What does Marti believe about the US if left to its own devices?

He believes that the US would become an expansionist power

What historical evidence does Jose Marti know of that proves his theory of the United States being an unfair expansionist power?

He's seen what has happened to the people of Mexican origin in the conquered territories of California and Texas, how they had become 2nd-class citizens despite the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

When were the Cuban rebels ready to rise up?

1895

How did Marti's written order to being the revolution reach Cuba?

It was smuggled into Havana hidden inside a cigar

How long did Jose Marti last in battle?

5 weeks

What would become Jose Marti's most important legacy?

an unfinished letter published after his death

Finish Marti's words: "My dearest brother, I am daily in danger of giving my life for my country and duty..."

"...the duty of preventing the United States from overpowering our lands with its might."

How long did Cuba and Spain fight for during the Cuban Revolution?

3 years

How many miles south from the United States is Cuba?

90 miles

What question was the United States asking itself as it looked on a world of nations rushing to acquire colonies?

"Should we join the race for expansion"

What lands did American expansionists covet now that the US stretched "from sea to shining sea"?

the "scraps" of the Spanish Empire; The Philippines in the Pacific and Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean

How much money did Americans have invested in Cuban sugar?

$50 million

What did the United States have $50 million invested in?

sugar in Cuba

How many soldiers did Spain have in Cuba at the beginning of the war?

300,000

What did the Spanish do to crush the insurgency and weaken support for the rebels?

They herded hundreds of Cubans into concentration camps

What were the names of the American journalists who became rich from writing emotional stories about the plight of Cubans in Spanish concentration camps?

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

When does the United States enter the Cuban Revolution against Spain?

1898

Why is the United States so eager to help Cuba in their war against Spain?

It offers a way for the US to satisfy both of its impulses: 1) to make a statement of imperial power in the world 2) to say "we are bringing liberty and freedom and democracy to people who want it"

What was the name of the US battleship that was destroyed in Havana Harbor?

U.S.S. Maine

When was the USS Maine destroyed?

February 15, 1898

Where was the USS Maine destroyed?

Havana Harbor

How many men were killed in the destruction of the USS Maine?

226 men

What president asked Congress to declare war on Spain for the sinking of the USS Maine?

President William McKinley

What was the name of the military group that Theodore Roosevelt led during the war against Spain?

the Rough Riders

What future American president captured San Juan Hill?

Theodore Roosevelt

Who called the Spanish-American War "A splendid little war"?

Secretary of State John Hay

How long did the Spanish-American War last?

13 weeks

When did Spain surrender?

When the American Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet

Who entered Santiago de Cuba as liberators?

The American army, while the Cuban Rebel Army was forced to wait outside the city

Why were Americans confused and confounded about the Cuban people when they finally got to Cuba?

They had been reading that the Cubans were very much like them (trying to free themselves of an oppressive European power) and as they were imagining this they were imagining the Cubans as white, but they soon found out most Cubans were black

What US General remarked "these people (the Cubans) are no more fit for self-government than gunpowder is for hell"?

William Schafter

When did Spain and the US sit to negotiate the end of the war and spoils of war?

December 1898

How many Filipinos, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans were present to discuss the end of the war and spoils of war?

0 (zero)

What did the US control after the Spanish-American War?

The Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico

How long did Cuba last under American control?

4 years

Why was Cuba under American military occupation for only 4 years?

Before the war, Jose Marti had struck a deal with the US Congress where the US promised to leave Cuba at the end of the war

What is the Platt Amendment?

An agreement that allows the US to interfere in Cuban affairs if it feels that Cuban independence or Cuban sovereignty is threatened

In contrast to Cuba, what happens to the island of Puerto Rico?

The US took over the island and never left

What was one of the first things that the American government did once in control of Puerto Rico?

Changed the language of instruction in public schools from English to Spanish

What was the American policy called in Puerto Rico?

Benign assimilation

What types of improvements accompanied the American policy of benign assimilation in Puerto Rico?

real improvements to the island in the form of new roads, hospitals, sewers, investments in sugar, and creation of jobs

In what ways was Puerto Rico no longer in control of its own government?

Puerto Ricans had no vote in congress, no senators, their governors were sent by the president, Congress essentially made decisions in Puerto Rico even though Congress would not grant Puerto Rico statehood or independence