Bio 210 210 exam 2

What is glandular epithelium?

tissue in the glands of the body

secrete mucus

How is stratified tissue named?

Named according to apical layer

how is epithelia classified?

-Method of product release

-Relative number of cells forming the gland

Epithelia: simple columnar location

digestive tract and small bronchi

Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar Location

trachea, upper respiratory tract

Epithelia: Transitional location

lines ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra

Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal description

typically two cell layers thick

where do we find blasts ?

CTP and cartilage

description of cutaneous membrane

SKIN , the integumentary surface, cover the body

description for serous membrane ( serosa )

In closed ventral body cavity

FIRMLY attached to body wall and organ

what does granulation tissue do ?

restores the vascular supply

epidermis

superficial region

layer 2 of the epidermis

stratum lucidum ( thick skin )

layer 5 of the epidermis

stratum germinative ( basal )

Epithelial tissue

covers, skin surface ( epidermis)

Connective tissue

Supports, protects and holds the body together

What function does simple epithelium typically serve?

site of absorption, secretion, and filtration

Typically where this is located protection is not that important

When epithelium is stratified you have

MULTIPLE layers

basement membrane

-Layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

-Contains basal lamina ( attached to basal surface ) and reticular lamina

-AVASCULAR but innervated

Epithelia: simple squamous location

blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Epithelia: simple cuboidal function

Absorption and secretion

Epithelia: simple cuboidal location

ovary surface and kidney tubules

Epithelia: simple cuboidal

Epithelia: simple columnar description

Tall cells w/ round to oval nuclei at SAME level

Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar

Epithelia: Stratified squamous function

protects underlying tissue in areas subjected to abrasion

Epithelia: Stratified squamous

Epithelia: Transitional description

resembles stratified squamous ( surface cells are domed shaped) and stratified cuboidal/columnar ( basal)

" looks like squished pills or nasty dot candy squished"

Epithelia: Transitional function

stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend

Epithelia: Transitional

Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal function

robust lining for ducts in glands

Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal

what is the most abundant type of tissue ?

Connective tissue

what are the sup-groups of loose connective tissue ?

areolar

adipose

reticular

what are the three types of muscle ?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

cardiac muscle location

found only in the heart

smooth muscle location

found in the walls of hallow organs

muscles tissue is ?

specialized for contraction; produces all body movement can be voluntary and involuntary

a muscle is striated when

muscle cells have a band appearance

skeletal muscle description

striated, voluntary, multinucleate, long and cyndrical

cardiac muscle description

striated, involuntary, single nucleus, branching cells that are interdigitate at specialized junction ( intercalated discs)

smooth muscle description

non striated, involuntary, single nucleus cells are arranged closely to form sheets

what are components of ground substances?

interstitial fluid, adhesion proteins (glue),proteoglycans

what are the three types of fibers located in the extracellular matrix ?

collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

collagen fibers

strongest and most abundant type; provides high tensile strength

THICK

reticular fibers

short fine, highly branched fibers

surround small blood vessels and support organ soft tissue

what does blast mean ?

to build

what does cytes mean ?

mature cells " they monitor"

where do we find cytes?

connective tissue ( bone ) and cartilage

what lubricates the surface of mucous membranes?

Mucus from goblet cells or multicellular glands

what types of tissues does mucus membranes contain?

epithelia- simple columnar

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

transitional epithelium

connective tissue

step 2 in tissue repair

Organization restores blood supply

-the blood clot is replaces with granulation tissue, the epithelium begins to regenerate, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap, and debris is phagocytized

step 3 in tissue repair

Regeneration and fibrosis

-the scab detaches, fibrous tissue matures; epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue, results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue

what type of cells are extremely regenerative ?

anything that is highly vascularized

bone, epithelial tissue, dense irregular connective tissue

what type of tissue moderately regenerative?

smooth muscle and dense regular CTP

what type of tissue is non regenerative ?

cardiac muscle

nervous tissue ( in brain and spinal cord)

what are the two major regions of the skin?

epidermis and dermis

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

Deep to the dermis; not technically part of the skin; made of adipose tissue; helps insulate

layer 4 of the epidermis

stratum spinosum

thick skin

has all five layers

covers heavily abraded body surface

muscle tissue

Allows for the production of movement ex heart

Nervous tissue

Controls ex in brain

What is covering and lining epithelia ?

Covers external and internal surfaces

ex skin, digestive, and respiratory

When epithelium is simple you have

ONE layer

What function does stratified epithelium typically serve?

located in high abrasion areas that need the extra layers for protection

squamous

flat and cell like cells with disc shaped nuclei

cuboidal

bo like cells with round nuclei

columnar

tall and column shaped cells with oval nuclei

What is the endothelium and where can it be found?

-Single layer of cells lining organs and body cavities

-found in blood vessels, heart, etc ( basically any hollow organ)

what is the arrangement of epithelial cell layers?

epithelium

basement membrane

connective tissue

epithelium

Has apical surface ( very top )

Has a basal surface ( very bottom )

what does it mean to be innervated ?

contains nerves

Connective tissue in arrangement

vascular and innervated located below basement membrane

what is grandular epithelium

Cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid

Endocrine

secreting internally

exocrine

secreting externally

Describe endocrine glands

-ductless, well vascularized, small and widely separated in the body, and release hormones directly into the blood

-Targets a specific organ to respond

-ex testes

describe exocrine glands

-Duct glands, produce a substance that travels through small, tube like ducts. Sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group.

-Released onto the body surface or cavities

what is the unicellular exocrine gland?

Goblet cells

- Among columnar cells

-produce mucus

- " foot shaped"

Epithelia: simple squamous description

Single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped nuclei

"looks like a dried out deserta"

Epithelia: simple squamous function

diffusion and filtration ( protection not important )

Epithelia: Simple Squamous

Epithelia: simple cuboidal description

single layer of cube like cells w/ large spherical nuclei

" looks like those nasty dot candy that form rings"

Epithelia: simple columnar function

absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes

ciliated type propels propels mucus ( or reproductive cells )

Epithelia: simple columnar

Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar description

Tall cells with differing heights in nuclei. Will look like it has multiple layers but in reality it just has single layer

Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar function

secretion and propulsion

Epithelia: Stratified squamous description

Thick membrane composed of several cells. Basal cells are metabolically active and surface cells are flattened

Epithelia: Stratified squamous location

moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

dry-skin

Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal location

sweat and mammary glands

( exocrine )

What are the major functions of connective tissue?

binding, support, protection, insulation, and transportation

what is the common tissue of origin for connective tissue ?

mesenchyme (embryonic tissue- give rise to all other connective tissue)

what are the different types of connective tissue proper ?

loose connective and dense connective tissue

what are the sub-groups of dense connective tissue?

dense regular. dense irregular, and elastic

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

avascular and in addition lack nerve fibers

what are the mature cells of cartilage called ? where are they located?

chondrocytes and lacunae

what are the three types of cartilage?

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

what is the function pf nervous tissue ?

transmits electrical signals from senseroy receptors to effectors ( muscles and glands) which control activity

skeletal muscle overall function

large body muscles responsible for movement

what is the nonliving extracellular matrix of connective tissue made of ?

Ground substances and fibers