APHUG UNIT 4

3 types of boundaries

cultural boundary, geometric boundary, physical boundary

4 characteristics of a state (country)

1. Population (a state has people)
2. Territory (a state has spatial extant and defined boundaries)
3. Sovereignty (a state is independent and self-governing)
4. Government (a state has an established system of government)

5 shapes of states

compact, prorupted, elongated, fragmented, perforated

advantages of economic supranationalism

common regulations; lower tariffs; trade more freely withing their trade zone; specialization in certain sectors of the economy

African Union

organization formed in 2002 to promote unity among African states and to foster development and end poverty (replaces the Organization of African Unity (1963-1999)

Age of Exploration

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth began colonizing in the Americas

Age of Imperialism

A time period lasting from 1850-1914, where colonial powers (Great Britain, France, United States) were able to seize control over many territories, mainly in Africa and Asia.

Allocational/resource boundary dispute

dispute over natural resource that occurs on or at the boundary

Anocracy

A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types.

antecedent boundary

a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated

Arctic Council

A multilateral organization composed of representatives \n from the eight circumpolar states (US, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Iceland, Denmark) and six indigenous organizations.

when did the idea of the "nation-state" first become common

around the time of World War 1

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

An international organization linking together the 10 most important countries of Southeast Asia

Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual

autonomous regions

regions with a certain degree of autonomy from an external authority, and power over their own affairs (usually are geographically distant from the external power)-- Example- Taiwan

autononomous

self-governing

Balkanization

The contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries.

Balkan Peninsula

A large peninsula in southern Europe bounded by the Black, Aegean, and Adriatic seas. It is a politically tense part of the world. For example, an assassination of an Austrian prince in Bosnia by a Serbian started World War 1.

Berlin Conference

Meeting at which Europeans agreed on rules for colonizing Africa (1885)

Black Lives Matter

Civil rights movement sparked by a series of incidents of police brutality and lethal force against people of color. Became a centrifugal force in the summer of 2020

Bosnian Genocide

Between April 1992 and November 1995, Serbia set out to "ethnically cleanse" Bosnian territory by systematically killing Muslims and Croats.

boundary

an invisible barrier or line that separates one state from another

Brexit

The British Exit from the European Union

causes of centrifugal forces

multiple ethnicities/nationalities; economic inequality; territorial disputes; lack of infrastructure

Census

the official count of a population. the US conducts a full census every 10 years for the purpose of determining House districts

Census tract

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

centrifugal forces

Forces that tend to divide a country.

centripetal forces

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

characteristic of unitary state

strong centralized government structure; power concentrated with a national assembly in a capital city

characteristics of a federal state

decentralized government structure; power shared between a national assembly and local assemblies in the local capital cities

choke point

a strategic, narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water

city-state

A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

colony

A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.

Commodity dependence

An economy that relies on the export of primary commodities for a large share of its export earnings and hence economic growth. Imperialist countries extracted wealth from the natural resources of their colonies, leading to commodity dependence even after they became independent

Compact state

A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.

Confederation

a state where the power is held by the local or sub-national governments, in loose association with a weak central government

consequences of centrifugal forces

failed states; uneven development; stateless nations

Consequent boundary

a type of subsequent boundary that is intentionally drawn to accommodate cultural differences, such as ethnicity, religion or language

contemporary political processes

process that are going on right now, such as devolution, independence movements, and immigration

Contiguous zone

an intermediary zone between the territorial waters and the high seas. It extends from 12-24 miles out from the coast. States have the right to enforce violations of customs, immigration or sanitary laws in that zone

Cracking

dividing an opponent's voters into other districts to weaken the opponent's voter base

Cracking and packing

Techniques used to redraw electoral boundaries to favor one political party over another

Crimea

Peninsula in the extreme southern Ukraine in the Black Sea. Russia annexed the peninsula, claiming that it was made up of Russians and should be part of Russia

Cultural boundary

a boundary based on divisions of ethnicity, religion, or language

Cultural shatterbelt

A politically unstable region where differing cultural elements come into contact and conflict

Decolonization

the action of changing from colonial to independent status. Decolonization happened on a world-wide scale after World War 2 (1945-1970)

Defined boundary

a boundary established by a legal \n document, such as a treaty.

Definitional/Positional Boundary Dispute

Conflict over the interpretation of a boundary agreement

delimited boundary

a line drawn on a map to show the limits of a space

demarcated boundary

a boundary identified by physical \n objects place on the landscape, such as a sign, \n wall, or fence. (Build a Wall!)

Demilitarized zone

A region where no military forces or weapons are permitted.

Democracy

a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

Devolution

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states; OR the breaking up of a state into smaller states…..1) the shifting of power from the central government to regional/local governments within the state OR (sometimes defined as) 2) the breaking up of a country into smaller countries….the process by which a country's government cedes power to a sub-national group or area, or an area breaks away and forms a new state

devolutionary factors

any of a number of factors that lead to a state to become less centralized or for the state to break apart

difference between "nation" and "state"

a nation is GROUP OF PEOPLE with similar culture and history, while a state is a GEOGRAPHIC AREA controlled by a specific government

difference between subsequent boundaries and consequent boundaries

honestly this difference is super unclear and the two videos you will see describe them differently. My advice is to thing of subsequent as "they people were already there and subsequently the boundary developed" and consequent as "we needed to draw borders and we decided to divide people according to cultural similarities and differences"

Distance decay effect

The decrease in interaction between 2 things/people as distance increases-- this can cause an isolated group to want to separate because of feeling more disconnected from the state

Economic supranationalism

countries joined together to cooperate economically

economy of scale

the more you produce, the lower the cost per unit

Effects of Communication on Deomcratization

bring outside information to people in autocratic countries; make it easier for groups to send information and gets support from outside forces.

Effects of Communication on Supranationalism

connect people and countries faster across time and space; efficiently link countries involved in military alliances; link markets and banks

Effects of Supranationalism

countries may have to cede some sovereignty to the organization

Elongated state

A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape.

Empire

land with different territories and peoples under a single rule

Environmental supranationalism

countries join together to cooperate on environmental issues

Ethnic cleansing

the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.

Ethnic nationalist movement

a movement devoted to the independence of a cultural, ethnic, or linguistic community.

Ethnic separatism

when an ethnic group desires to separate from the larger group within the state (ex: Quebec)

Ethnonationalism

linking of national identity to a particular ethnicity

Euro

the basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999)

European Union

\n an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration…cooperate in trade and political areas and have their own currency

Example of neocolonialism

Chinese investment in Africa. They give foreign aid in exchange for political power in the continent.

Examples of centripetal forces

educational institutions, development of national identity, transportation infrastructure, outside threats to a country; strong national government; common culture

Examples of devolutionary factors

division of groups by physical geography; ethnic separatism; terrorism; economic/social problems/ irredentism

Examples of federal states

USA, Germany, Brazil, Nigeria

Examples of multinational states

Soviet Union, United Kingdom, Canada, Belgium, Afghanistan, China

Examples of multistate nations

Koreans (there are Koreans in North and South Korea), Arabs (throughout North Africa and Middle East), Germans (in Germany, parts of Switzerland, northern Italy, Belgium, Poland), Kurds (they are also a stateless nation)

Examples of nation states

Japan and Iceland are over 95% made up of people with similar nationality

examples of semi-autonomous regions

Native American reservations, Hong Kong, Puerto Rico

examples of stateless nations

Kurds, Romani, Palestinians, Uyghurs, Tibetans, Tamils, Plemish, Hmong, Basques

Examples of unitary states

France, China, United Kingdom, Kenya, Rwanda

Exclusive economic zone

area in which ocean resources belong exclusively to the geographically bordering state (generally within 200 miles of the coast)

Failed state

a state whose political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control.

Federal state

An internal organization of a state that allocates strong power to units of local government

Fragmented state

A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.

Free trade

the movement of goods and services among nations without political or economic barriers

Frontiers

a geographic area where no state has direct power over the area. (there are few frontiers left today)

Gandhi

This was a leader of the Indian independence movement in mid-20th century known for his nonviolent protests.

Geometric boundary

Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines. (may also be superimposed and/or antecedent)

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

High seas/open ocean

200 miles and out. All resources are shared and no country has jurisdiction. (resource use can still be regulated by treaty)

Hindu nationalism

A contemporary religious and political movement that promotes Hindu values as the essential—and exclusive—fabric of Indian society; villainizes Hindus

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

How the internet contributes to devolution

used to disseminate the beliefs of devolutionary groups, attract new members, and communicate with the outside world

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence over other territories through military force or political power

Incumbent

the current officeholder

Independence movement

a movement that is trying to gain political independence for some area that it thinks should be its own country

International court of justice

a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations (established in 1946 and located in the Hague, Netherlands)

International waters

nautical areas where all states have freedoms of navigation and overflight. In general, that means that ships of any country can transit in that area or airspace (generally begin 12 miles from the coast)