Studied by 80 people
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy studies the structure of the body, while physiology focuses on the functions of the body.
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
Body Organization Levels (smallest to largest)
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
Organ systems of the body “icky skeletons must never enter car lanes, respectfully! don’t underestimate reps!”
skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail
integumentary system consists of…
protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information
integumentary system functions
Protects and supports body organs
provides a framework the muscles use to support movement.
Made up of bones and joints
skeletal system functions
Consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joint
Muscular System
Provides movement
Generates heat that maintains body temperature
Provides protection and support for other tissues
muscular system functions
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves
rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation
nervous system functions
endocrine system
Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
cardiovascular system
Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.
lymphatic system
Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.
respiratory system function
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
respiratory system consists of
breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
digestive system functions
teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
digestive system organs
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
urinary system organs
Eliminates waste from the body; regulates water balance of the blood
urinary system functions
-Testes, penis, ovaries, and vagina
reproductive system organs
produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract
reproductive system function male
produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo and function in birth process
reproductive system function female
frontal/coronal, oblique, transverse, (mid)sagittal
Anatomical Directions
frontal (coronal) plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
oblique plane
passes through the body at an angle
traverse plane (horizontal plane)
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal left and right halves (midline)
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
body regions, abdominopelvic quadrants, abdominopelvic regions
Anatomical regions
triangular space, quadrangular space, triangular interval
Anatomical spaces
mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
tissue membranes “Most Serious Can Sin”
mucous membrane
Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.
serous membrane
Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body, they are “serious” about protecting the body
serous membrane layers
parietal layer and visceral layer
cutaneous membrane
skin "cut skin"
synovial membrane
membrane lining the capsule of a joint "sinister joints"
Pre-embryonic period (weeks 1-2)
Fertilization
ZYGOTE- fertilized egg
Cleavage- 2,4,8,16(morula)
Morula
Early Blastocyst- about 100 cells
Late Blastocyst- about 100 cells
Implantation-takes place in second week
embryonic period (weeks 3-8)
differentiation of tissue, organ formation, neural tube
fetal period (weeks 9-38)
growth and maturation of existing organs
Cleavage
the division of cells in the early development of the embryo, following fertilization
Implantation
The process by which the zygote attaches to the uterine wall
Primitive streak formation
Before gastrulation, in the amnion, where the epiblast and hypoblast come together (bilaminar disk), the epiblast cells migrate to the primitive streak (the butt cheek fold thing/ sink hole).
Gastrulation
Germ layer derivatives
Neurulation
formation of the neural tube
body folding
Transverse and cephalocaudal folding
Organogenesis
Organ development follows gastrulation and body folding
Upper and lower limbs form
Rudimentary organ systems have developed by week 8
Embryo is approximately one inch long by week 8
Derivatives of the Germ Layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Form layers to cover surfaces
Storage of nutrients and energy
Produce movement
Create connections
Protect the body from pathogens
Communicate information
Reproduction
cell functions
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Organelles
Nucleus
Chromatin
cell basic structures
4 tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Epithelial tissue classification
Epithelial tissue junctions
tight junctions (TJs), adherens junctions (AJs), desmosomes, and gap junctions
epithelial tissue glands
exocrine and endocrine
Connective tissue
A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts
Connective tissue classification
connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue
Protection
Prevent dehydration
Sensation
Temperature regulation
Vitamin D synthesis
Functions of the skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
layers of skin
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Epidermis layers
“Can Lucy grab snoopy’s bat?”
stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis tissue type “SSE”
Only in thick skin
Epidermal dendritic cells
Melanocytes and tactile (Merkel) cells
epidermis special cells/features
papillary and reticular
Dermis layers “papa and red”
areolar CT and dense irregular CT
dermis tissue types “Are the Deriks getting a CT scan to check out their irregular symptoms?”
dermal papillae
dermis special feature/cells
areolar CT and adipose CT
What two tissues are found in the hypodermis? “ark! add a ct scan for the hippo”
Not part of the integument
hypodermis's special feature
Stratum corneum (horny layer)
most superficial layer; dead cells filled with keratin (barrier area)
Stratum lucidum (clear layer)
Thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum
Only in thick skin
A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
stratum granulosum (granular layer)
Layer of epidermis composed of cells that look like GRANULES and are filled with keratin; replaces cells shed from stratum corneum
Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)
7-10 layers of cells, mostly keratinocytes with a few langerhans cells and some melanin granules
stratum basale (basal layer)
-Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis
single row of stems
-also called stratum germinative: cells undergo rapid division
-journey from basal layer to surface- takes 25-45 layers
Hemoglobin causes a pink hue while Melanocytes produce melanin
Skin Color
Scale-like modification of epidermis
Contain hard keratin
features of the nail
free edge, nail body, lunula, eponychium, nail root
nail structure
Eponychium
cuticle
2 mm/week
rate of hair growth
Anagen phase (hair actively grows) lasts 2-7 years
Catagen phase (transition phase, follicle shrinks) lasts 2-3 weeks
Telogen phase (follicle is inactive, hair stops growing and is shed) lasts 2-4 months
Follicle is stimulated to re-enter anagen phase and make a new hair
growth cycle “ACT makes you want to pull out your hair!”
Sebacceous (oil) glands
produce sebum
sudoriferous (sweat) glands (“eek! Annie sweats”)
eccrine glands and apocrine glands
eccrine glands
glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body
apocrine glands
Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin
Structure of Cartilage
-chondroblasts
-chondrocytes
-extracellular matrix
-perichondrium
chondroblasts
cells that produce cartilage matrix
Chondrocytes
mature cartilage cells
extracellular matrix
Protein fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance
Perichondrium (hint what does Chondro mean?)
Dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering cartilage
Bone Classification (structure) "Long Short Fred Irregularly Sneezed."
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals
Long bones
Carpals, tarsals
short bones
Skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs
Flat bones
Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxae, ethmoid, sphenoid
Irregular bones
Patella, small bones found in the tendons associated with feet and hands
Sesamoid bones
Compact bone (cortical bone)
Spongy bone (cancellous bone)
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal plate or line
Apophysis
Articular cartilage
Medullarycavity
Endosteum
Periosteum
structure of long bones
“ can snoopy drink evil mangoes eek?! and are mangoes even pet-fRiendly?”
Apophysis
Bony outgrowth to which muscles attach
Medullarycavity
Contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow in children
Endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
Periosteum
Dense irregular connective tissue
Connected to bone by perforating fibers
bone cells
osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
forms bone matrix “in the matrix, its a blast!”
osteocyte
maintains bone tissue “what a cyte to see! look at that bone tissue!”
osteogenic cells
stem cells
