LECTURE EXAM `1 CELL 220

Notes for Lecture Exam 1

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy studies the structure of the body, while physiology focuses on the functions of the body.

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Body Organization Levels (smallest to largest)

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Organ systems of the body “icky skeletons must never enter car lanes, respectfully! don’t underestimate reps!”

skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

integumentary system consists of…

protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information

integumentary system functions

Protects and supports body organs

provides a framework the muscles use to support movement.

Made up of bones and joints

skeletal system functions

Consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joint

Muscular System

Provides movement

Generates heat that maintains body temperature

Provides protection and support for other tissues

muscular system functions

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation

nervous system functions

endocrine system

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

cardiovascular system

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.

lymphatic system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

respiratory system function

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

respiratory system consists of

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

digestive system functions

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

digestive system organs

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

urinary system organs

Eliminates waste from the body; regulates water balance of the blood

urinary system functions

-Testes, penis, ovaries, and vagina

reproductive system organs

produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract

reproductive system function male

produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo and function in birth process

reproductive system function female

frontal/coronal, oblique, transverse, (mid)sagittal

Anatomical Directions

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

oblique plane

passes through the body at an angle

traverse plane (horizontal plane)

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves (midline)

sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

body regions, abdominopelvic quadrants, abdominopelvic regions

Anatomical regions

triangular space, quadrangular space, triangular interval

Anatomical spaces

mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial

tissue membranes “Most Serious Can Sin”

mucous membrane

Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.

serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body, they are “serious” about protecting the body

serous membrane layers

parietal layer and visceral layer

cutaneous membrane

skin "cut skin"

synovial membrane

membrane lining the capsule of a joint "sinister joints"

Pre-embryonic period (weeks 1-2)

Fertilization
ZYGOTE- fertilized egg
Cleavage- 2,4,8,16(morula)
Morula
Early Blastocyst- about 100 cells
Late Blastocyst- about 100 cells
Implantation-takes place in second week

embryonic period (weeks 3-8)

differentiation of tissue, organ formation, neural tube

fetal period (weeks 9-38)

growth and maturation of existing organs

Cleavage

the division of cells in the early development of the embryo, following fertilization

Implantation

The process by which the zygote attaches to the uterine wall

Primitive streak formation

Before gastrulation, in the amnion, where the epiblast and hypoblast come together (bilaminar disk), the epiblast cells migrate to the primitive streak (the butt cheek fold thing/ sink hole).

Gastrulation

Germ layer derivatives

Neurulation

formation of the neural tube

body folding

Transverse and cephalocaudal folding

Organogenesis

Organ development follows gastrulation and body folding

Upper and lower limbs form

Rudimentary organ systems have developed by week 8

Embryo is approximately one inch long by week 8

Derivatives of the Germ Layers

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Form layers to cover surfaces

Storage of nutrients and energy

Produce movement

Create connections

Protect the body from pathogens

Communicate information

Reproduction

cell functions

Plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

• Cytosol

• Organelles

Nucleus

• Chromatin

cell basic structures

4 tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Epithelial tissue classification

of layers
- simple (one layer), stratified (two or more layers);
shapes - squamous (flat), cuboidal (box-like), columnar (tall rectangles)

Epithelial tissue junctions

tight junctions (TJs), adherens junctions (AJs), desmosomes, and gap junctions

epithelial tissue glands

exocrine and endocrine

Connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

Connective tissue classification

connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue

Protection

Prevent dehydration

Sensation

Temperature regulation

Vitamin D synthesis

Functions of the skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

layers of skin

Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale

Epidermis layers

“Can Lucy grab snoopy’s bat?”

stratified squamous epithelium

epidermis tissue type “SSE”

Only in thick skin

Epidermal dendritic cells

Melanocytes and tactile (Merkel) cells

epidermis special cells/features

papillary and reticular

Dermis layers “papa and red”

areolar CT and dense irregular CT

dermis tissue types “Are the Deriks getting a CT scan to check out their irregular symptoms?”

dermal papillae

dermis special feature/cells

areolar CT and adipose CT

What two tissues are found in the hypodermis? “ark! add a ct scan for the hippo”

Not part of the integument

hypodermis's special feature

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

most superficial layer; dead cells filled with keratin (barrier area)

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

Thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum

Only in thick skin

A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

stratum granulosum (granular layer)

Layer of epidermis composed of cells that look like GRANULES and are filled with keratin; replaces cells shed from stratum corneum

Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)

7-10 layers of cells, mostly keratinocytes with a few langerhans cells and some melanin granules

stratum basale (basal layer)

-Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis

single row of stems

-also called stratum germinative: cells undergo rapid division

-journey from basal layer to surface- takes 25-45 layers

Hemoglobin causes a pink hue while Melanocytes produce melanin

Skin Color

Scale-like modification of epidermis

Contain hard keratin

features of the nail

free edge, nail body, lunula, eponychium, nail root

nail structure

Eponychium

cuticle

2 mm/week

rate of hair growth

Anagen phase (hair actively grows) lasts 2-7 years

Catagen phase (transition phase, follicle shrinks) lasts 2-3 weeks

Telogen phase (follicle is inactive, hair stops growing and is shed) lasts 2-4 months

Follicle is stimulated to re-enter anagen phase and make a new hair

growth cycle “ACT makes you want to pull out your hair!”

Sebacceous (oil) glands

produce sebum

sudoriferous (sweat) glands (“eek! Annie sweats”)

eccrine glands and apocrine glands

eccrine glands

glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body

apocrine glands

Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin

Structure of Cartilage

-chondroblasts

-chondrocytes

-extracellular matrix

-perichondrium

chondroblasts

cells that produce cartilage matrix

Chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells

extracellular matrix

Protein fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance

Perichondrium (hint what does Chondro mean?)

Dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering cartilage

Bone Classification (structure) "Long Short Fred Irregularly Sneezed."

Long bones

Short bones

Flat bones

Irregular bones

Sesamoid bones

Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals

Long bones

Carpals, tarsals

short bones

Skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

Flat bones

Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxae, ethmoid, sphenoid

Irregular bones

Patella, small bones found in the tendons associated with feet and hands

Sesamoid bones

1. Compact bone (cortical bone)

2. Spongy bone (cancellous bone)

3. Diaphysis

4. Epiphysis

5. Metaphysis

6. Epiphyseal plate or line

7. Apophysis

8. Articular cartilage

9. Medullarycavity

10. Endosteum

11. Periosteum

structure of long bones

“ can snoopy drink evil mangoes eek?! and are mangoes even pet-fRiendly?”

Apophysis

Bony outgrowth to which muscles attach

Medullarycavity

Contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow in children

Endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

Periosteum

Dense irregular connective tissue

Connected to bone by perforating fibers

bone cells

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteogenic cells

Osteoblasts

forms bone matrix “in the matrix, its a blast!”

osteocyte

maintains bone tissue “what a cyte to see! look at that bone tissue!”

osteogenic cells

stem cells