Psych Unit Summative (18, 19, 20)

my tears are ricocheting

biological influences on pain

nociceptors: detect things that hurt - enable perception of pain

gate control theory: spinal cord opens + closes pain

psychological influences on pain

if you're distracted you feel less pain, adrenaline \= less pain, the endings matter (last piece of chocolate tastes better)

social - cultural influences of pain

you feel other people's pain

fechner benham study

at a certain speed you see different color receptors in your eyes and they respond at different rates

normal curve and standard deviation

just what we know in stats

acetylcholine

muscle action, learning, memory

rorepinephrine

fight or flight - increase and maintain blood pressure in limited, short-term serious health situations

glutamate

learning stimulates the brain to work faster

antagonists

(coffee) blocks a neurotransmitter from working

pons

sleep and arousal

medulla

controls heartbeat and breathing

visual cortex

part in brain - occipital lobe

temporal lobes

hearing, language processing, memory

suprachiasmatic nucleus

does your circadian rhythm in the hypothalamus

amphetamines

alters dopamine axons and reduces the density of dopamine synapses in the prefrontal cortex to STIMULATE activity

barbiturates

sedative-hypnotic medications used for treating seizure disorder, neonatal withdrawal, insomnia, preoperative anxiety, and induction of coma

(suppresses nervous system)

epigenetics

environments can block or trigger expression (environment changes genes)

social learning theory

ocial behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others

theory of mind

ideas about what you + others think + feel, all happens bc of mirror neurons, you can tease, empathize, persuade, expect lies

concrete operational stage

thinking logically about events, analogies, math, you have conservation, you understand jokes

mary ainsworth experiment

they had a baby in the room with a mom and played with it. the mom left and the baby freaked out and cried, then she came back and the baby calmed down (secure attachment)

insecure attachment: mom came back + baby was still sad

ambivolent/resistent attachment: parents were inconsistent when needs need to be met so the baby didn't want the mom when she came back

harlow experiment

monkeys preferred the comfort of fake mother with blanket over the mother with food, showing that stranger anxiety and attachment to mothers is not related to nourishment (comfort \> survival)

peripheral route persuasion

buying something bc a celebrity endorsed it

fundamental attribution error

like you attribute something someone did to their entire personality instead of the situation

informational social influence

accepting others' opinions about reality + facts are accurate

normative social influence

influence bc you want approval and want to be liked

other-race-effect

you recognize your own race's faces more than other races

just world phenomenon

ignorant people thinks everything is fair so you get what you deserve

companionate love

just friends

priming and memory

priming \= attaching meaning

encoding

getting it in your brain

long-term potentiation

synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation (if a mouse is placed in a pool of murky water, it will swim about until it finds a hidden platform to climb out on)

(how effective neurons are in firing \= better learning, thinking, memory)

synapse

connection between neurons

axon

passes the messages down

control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

episodic memory

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

motor cortex

controls voluntary movements

conduction hearing loss

caused by earwax, foreign objects, allergies - damage to mechanical system - OUTER EAR - you stick a pencil in your ear so it damages it and you can't hear

convergence and its connection to binocular depth

2 eyes focus on one object so you go crosseyed - if you put a finger close to your face so your eyes are super crosseyed but when you move your finger away you go less crosseyed

light to brain steps

light --\> cornea --\> pupil --\> iris --\> lens --\> retina (ganglion + bipolar cells) --\> optic nerve --\> brain

ganglion cells

neurons that connect to the bipolar cells; the bundled axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve (in retina)

bipolar cells

receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

stroboscopic movement

seeing rapid "screenshots" as continuous movements

sensorineural hearing loss

inner ear - damage to cochlea receptor cells or auditory nerves

hammer, anvil, stirrup

send vibrations from eardrum to inner ear liquid

vestibular system

hearing & balance, vertigo if your ears are clogged, sinus - it helps you ride a skateboard or go down a slide without getting dizzy

eardrum

takes outer ear waves and vibrates them to inner ear - like in a drum you hit it and that's the inner ear because the sound vibrates from the inside out

sensory adaptation

you get used to a sense so it seems like it diminishes because nerve cells fire less frequently - you get used to the cold pool or it smells like fire when you walk into a room but after a while you don't smell it anymore

habituation

stimulation is repeated so you lose interest - you walk up to a squirrel and it runs away but after a bit then it gets less scared of people and doesn't run away

kinesthetic sense

senses body part movement and position - typing without looking at your hands, being a goalie

selective attention

choosing to focus on one thing - you're at a party but you're focused on one person talking

threshold difference

when you notice a difference in volume smell, whatever 50% of the time - when you finally notice that the volume went up in the car

webers law

you make $17.50 per hour, and you get a $1 per hour raise so it's really good, but if you make $500/hr and they raise it to $501 its a joke

retina

turns light into images in brain, has rods and cones, receives upside down messages, not whole pic

optic nerve

it's like a straw so if you're drinking apple juice, the straw sends it to your mouth

linear perspective

train track - monocular cue that shows 2 parallel lines that look like they're getting closer to touching but it's just depth perception

ear crystals

they can get loose, the hairs bend --\> hearing loss - loss of balance/vertigo

transduction

light-cornea-pupil-iris-lens-retina-optic nerve-brain(turns a sense into neural impulse)

monocular cues

depth perception of each individual eye
relative height
relative motion
relative size
interposition
light + shadow
linear perslective
aerial perception

top down processing

using prior knowledge to guess what it is (high level)

bottom up processing

taking in senses and perceiving them

pain + coping mechanisms

pain \= something's wrong
- biological influences
- psychological influences
- social cultural influences
you can control pain with drugs, surgery, accupunture hypnosis, massage, relaxation

biological influences of pain

nociceptors: detect things that hurt, enable perception of pain
gate control theory: spinal cord opens + closes pain

psychological influences of pain

you can edit memories of pain, the end of pain matters (last piece of chocolate tastes best), if your attention is focused on something else, you might not sense pain

social cultural influences of pain

you feel pain when others feel pain, others, empathy, cultural expectations, your brain activity mirrors theirs

semicircular canals

ring thingies for balance + head position, the juice inside swishes around - like floaties

accommodation

lens focuses light into image on retina, focuses rays by changing curve and thickness -
it gets bigger / smaller when something gets closer / farther, if one eye is closed, the open one will still adjust

gestalt - principal of closure (cover one eye)

objects grouped together are seen as whole - your brain connects the dots and fills in blanks - if there's a triangle with space missing, you fill it in

gustatory receptors

things in taste buds that help you sense - the gustatory receptors in your tongue help you taste pasta, ice cream

cones and rods

cones: color, center of retina, sensitive to red, warmth, daylight, detailrods: black, white, dark, light, peripheral vision

context effects

whatever is going on in your head influences what you see - if you're an angry cop you'll think someone is holding a gun when its a pencil bc you're already angry

role of inner ear and balance

the vestibular system is in the inner ear and it helps with balance

gate control theory

he spinal cord opens and closes pain, if you rub another area it closes the gate

negative after images

when rods and cones are over stimulated so you still see the image after you looked away - you look at the sun and look away and you still see the sun

opponent process theory

in a pair of colors, one is always the dominant one

trichromatic theory

you only see green, red, blue

color constancy

color stays the same if lighting changes - think about the weird bathroom light at dance and how it makes you look yellow but your skintone doesn't change

interposition

something overlaps another thing so you know the thing that's obscured is behind it

why can people see better at night using their peripheral vision?

increase in rod density in the periphery which are more sensitive to light

photoreceptors

respond to light (in retina)

feature detectors

nerve cells react to things like edges, shape, movement (in visual cortex)

absolute threshold

as soon as you pick something up (max stimulation needed to sense something)

signal detection theory

a firefighter can smell smoke fast bc it's their job
a new mom leaks milk when hearing a baby cry

parallel processing

doing more than 1 thing at the same time (motion + color + depth)
ex: if you had a stroke and you had blindsight, you can't visually see but you can tell what direction an arrow is facing

visual cliff

cliff tests how babies judge distance

phi phenomenon

lights next to each other switch so it looks like it's moving

face blindness

occipital lobe recognizes faces but if you have a disease you have face blindness

motion after effect

eye never stops moving so when you look at a hypnotic thingy and then switch to the wall, it looks like it's moving

gamma rays

short waves, high energy

radio rays

radar, broadcast rays, long waves, low energy

perceptual adaptation

ability to adjust to context (getting new glasses)

aphantasia

can't picture something in your head

aspects of touch

warm, cold, pain, pressure

low pain tolerance vs high pain tolerance

low pain tolerance: nervous system amplifies the pain
high pain tolerance: nervous system reduces effects of stimulation

kinesthesia

you know your body position (you can close your eyes and touch your toes)

ESP

extra sensory perception - like reading minds and weird stuff

telepathy

mind to mind communication

clairvoyance

perceiving remote events - like sensing a house is on fire in arizona

precognition

telling the future