Botany Final

Bn

the principal polysaccharide used for storage in chloroplasts is

starch

the monomers of plant oils are

glycerol and fatty acids

the principal role of ATP in the cells is:

providing energy

the major classes of secondary plant metabolites are

alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoids

eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that eukaryotic cells have:

organelles

the cytoplasm matrix within chloroplasts is called:

stroma

rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in what synthesis

protein

in the cell cycle, interphase consists of

the G1, G2, and S phases

Suppose a drop of dye is placed in one end of a tank of water. What happens next?

the dye molecules and the water molecules move down their respective concentration gradients

turgor pressure results most directly from

water moving into a cell by osmosis

wilting results most directly from \__________ in plant cells

the loss of turgor

What process in plant cell membranes requires ATP?

active transport

According to the first law of thermodynamics, the total energy of \______________ is \________.

a closed system; constant

entropy refers to the \_______ of a system

disorder or randomness

Oxidation is defines as the

loss of electrons

in glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is converted to \______ molecules of \__________

two; pyruvate

An enzyme functions as a:

catalyst

when one speaks of the cell's "net energy harvest" from glycolysis one is referring to the amount of:

ATP and NADH

For every molecule of glucose that begins glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are consumes?

2

When acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle, it combines with oxaloacetate to form

citrate

Oxidative phosphorylation depends on a gradient of \______ across the mitochondrial membrane

protons

Chlorophyll absorbs light principally in the \_________ wavelengths

blue and violet

Which pigment occurs in all photosynthetic eukaryotes?

Chlorophyll a

The energy-transduction reactions of photosynthesis are also called the \________ reactions

light

Which of the following is most likely to occur in a leaf cell of a CAM plant during the day?

the stomata are closed

When did life begin on this planet?

3.5 billion years ago

Which organisms evolved first?

heterotrophs

When did life emerge on land?

450 million years ago

vascular plants have:

xylem, cortex, epidermis, and phloem

primary growth in plants originates from:

apical meristems

Who was the first person to observe and describe plant cells?

Robert hooke

The genetic material of prokaryotes can be found in the

nucleoid

Where are the RNA components of ribosomes synthesized?

nucleolus

usually the number of chromosomes in gametes is described as \___________

haploid

In an interphase plant cell, the DNA is located in a dense granular substance in the nucleus called \___________-

chromatin

the organelle within a plant where photosynthesis takes place is

chloroplast

the primary responsibility of this structure is to synthesize starch:

amyloplasts

Which of the following organelles are believed to have originated as bacteria that were engulfed through endocytosis by larger heterotrophic cells?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Actin filaments are typically involved in:

cell wall deposition, tip growth in pollen tubes, organelle movement, and cytoplasmic streaming

microtubules are composed of

tubulin dimers

in simple cell division in plants the function of the phragmosome is:

to guide the construction of the cell plate

during what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

S phase

What kind of movement across a cell membrane requires an input of energy from ATP?

active transport

the narrow strands of cytoplasm that connect the protoplasts from one plant cell to another:

plasmodesmata

Which is an endergonic process?
a.) burning firewood
b.) the oxidation of sugar to water and carbon dioxide
c.) pushing a rock up a hill
d.) running
e.) ATP converted to ADP by hydrolysis

c.) pushing a rock up a hill

Which process involved in the oxidation of glucose ( cellular respiration ) produces the highest energy yield?

the citric acid cycle

What is the main energy source for photosystem II in the process of photosynthesis?

Sunlight

In photorespiration, the enzyme Rubisco catalyzes the condensation of \__________ instead of \________ with RuBP

oxygen; carbon dioxide

What is the main immediate product of the Calvin Cycle?

Glceraldehyde 3-phosphate (PGAL)

C4 plants have developed a special anatomy, called Kranz anatomy, to reduce the problem of photorespiration. In this cellular configuration, \__________ are wrapped around the vascular bundles and limit the access of various gases to the cells where the Calvin cycle takes place

bundle-sheath cells

A haploid cell that eventually unites with another haploid cell is called a

gamete

crossing over occurs during

prophase I

If two genes are linked, then by definition they:

occur on the same chromosome

A population of organisms that has four alleles for a given gene is said to have:

multiple alleles

T/F? Asexual reproduction increases the ability of a population to adapt to differing conditions

False

T/F? Asexual reproduction is also known as vegetative reproduction

True

T/F? Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent?

True

In a DNA molecule, the hydrogen bonds join

the paired nitrogenous bases

A transfer RNA molecules carries a(n) \__________ to the ribosomes.

amino acid

In some embryos, below the hypocotyl the \_________ is found

radicle

The cotyledon of grasses is called a(n)

scutellum

the rays found in secondary vascular tissue consist of:

parenchyma cells

Velamen on orchid roots is a(n)

thick, multiple epidermis

\_________ has a stem with scattered vascular bundles

Zea ( maize )

the edible portion of an Irish potato is a:

tuber; an outgrowth of the stem

Wood contains mostly:

secondary xylem

Heartwood is different from sapwood in that heartwood:

is nonconducting

All plant hormones:

communicate information

Polar transport is \________ in stems, \________ in leaves, and \___________ in roots

basipetal, basipetal, acropetal

In stems, polar auxin transport occurs mainly in the:

vascular parenchyma cells only

A PIN protein:

is an auxin efflux carrier

Cytokinins are synthesized in \_______ and transported from there to all other parts of the plant

roots

The climacteric is the phase in which fruits undergo a(n)

increase in respiration

In germinating barley seeds, the \_______ releases gibberellins, which then diffuse to the \_________ where they stimulate the synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes.

embryo; aleurone layer

T/F? Most monocots exhibit considerable secondary growth

False

Cambial initials produce \________ cells toward the outside and \__________ cells toward the inside

phloem; xylem

Lenticels function primarily in:

gas exchange

At the end of the first year's growth, bark is composed of:

all tissues outside the vascular cambium

Which could NEVER be part of the bark?

secondary xylem

Ring-porous woods are different from diffuse-porous woods because in ring-porous woods:

the pores of early wood are larger than those of late wood

In angiosperms, early wood \__________ than late wood

may have much larger pores

What is NOT part of a phytomere

apical meristem

Parts of a phytomere

node, axillary bud, internode

A succulent leaf is one that is specialized for:

water storage

When a seed germinates, the \__________ is the first structure to emerge

root

The two primary functions of roots are:

anchorage and absorption

In gymnosperms and eudicots, the primary root is called the

taproot

In a " closed type" of root apical organization, the:

root cap, vascular cylinder, and cortex each have their own initials

Root hairs are produced in the

region of maturation

The \________ occupies the greatest area of primary root

cortex

the rays found in secondary vascular tissue consist of:

parenchyma cells

By definition, metaxylem is \___________ protoxylem

formed after

A cell that is alive at maturity but lacks a nucleus and certain organelles is the:

sieve element

The \_________ is thought to supply the sieve-tube elements with essential molecules

companion cell

stomata are the \______ between \________

pores; guard cells

When the zygote first divides, the two daughter cells are the \__________ cell and the \___________ cell

apical; basil

The protoderm is the precursor of the:

epidermis

Where does the shoot apical meristem arise in the eudicot embryos?

between the two cotyledons

The stem-like axis above the cotyledon(s) is the:

epicotyl

The scar left on the seed coat after the seed has separated from its stalk is called the:

hilum