History final

Britain

the strongest nation economically during the industrial revolution

Corsica

Where Napoleon was born

Philosophs

intellectuals of the Enlightenment; middle and upperclass

Fall of the Bastille

Beginning of the French Revolution

conservatism

one of the responses to the French Revolution

Children were beaten but the men were fined

the difference in punishment of the workers during the industrial revolution

seven; Napoleon won all of them except the last two

the number of coalitions and which ones Napoleon won

Adam Smith

father of capitalism

Causes of the French Revolution

social frustrations, economic depression, bad leadership, extreme poverty, and food shortages

Edmond Cartwright

Created the Power Loom

England

Napoleon's biggest enemy

The Enlightenment

the belief that mankind can use reason to find all the natural laws that govern human society and improve them

Spain and Portugal

The countries that control most of South america

Louis XVI

King of France during the french revolution

life liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness

our natural rights

Chartism

the push for universal male sufferage

Catholic Church

what napoleon reestablished during his reign

Jean Jacques Rousseau

helped the start of romanticism

Robespierre

leader of the Jacobins

Russia Austria Germany and England

countries that were a part of the congress of vienna

effects of the solution to the irish potato famine

immigration overpopulation poverty slums and industrial jobs

the social class that most of napoleon's officials were from

middle class

Denis Diderot

Wrote the encyclopedia

Mountains-wanted to kill the king; Girondins-wanted to force the king to live as a civilian

two types of Jacobins and what they supported

Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin

Two liberators of South America

taxation

Europes response to the lower quality and high price of British products

elect trustworthy leaders; have a strong military; great administration; keep foreign tradition

How the Napoleonic empire was held together

French enlightened leaders

Catherine the Great, Joseph II, and Fredrick the Great

a republic of virtue; get rid of christianity and the calendar

what robespierre thought he was creating and what he did to change France

they would not pay them because the people in charge of raising them are the nobility

why france could not raise taxes on the nobility

problems with the first railroad

inefficient; they were slower, only had five miles of track, and wereless cost effective than horses

Napoleonic Code

the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens under the law; security of wealth and private property; granted religious freedom got rid of serfdom and caused women to loose all of their rights

differences of the major social contracts during the enlightenment

Hobbes- Leviathan, one leader everyone gives some of their rights to; Locke - system of checks and balances; Rousseau - give up rights for the protection of people

what france was known for before the revolution and how they fell

trade empire; many civilizations and the seven years war caused france to lose territories and they backed america and got nothing back as a result

how does nationalism affect germany

all german speakers are under one rule

The 7 Years War

The major war that put france into debt in the 18th century

the clergy

what the first estate was made up of

the third estate

the largest estate

Territory in North America

what france had to give up most of following the seven years war

the first and second estate barely paid taxes and other countries were giving their citizens more freedom

why the french people wanted change

Marie Antionette

Royal french protesters used as an example of corruption

Napoleon

french military officer who had victory over the british at toulon

17,000 deaths

how many people were killed as a result of the reign of terror

temple of reason

what notre dame was designated as during the dechristianization policy made by the national convention

Robespierre

leader of the committee of public safety

jacobins

fought for more radical changes during the revolution

Dechristianization of France

one of the unpopular results of the french revolution

Marquis de Lafayette and Thomas Jefferson

american hero that participated in creating the rights of men

guillotine

A method of execution during the French Revolution.

why the revolution failed

They executed too many people for no reason which caused fear; france was still in debt; their efforts became pointless because it turned into a war of faction against faction

the differences and similarlities between the rights of men and the rights women

they were the same rights but the rights of women specified that it should be for the individual so women weren't just viewed as property of their husbands

religion and absolute monarchies

skepticism grew towards this during the enlightenment

religious liberty and deism

what Voltaire championed

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who wrote the vindication of the rights of women

Philosophic Letters to the English (1733)

voltaire praised the english for the support of freedom of the press and religious tolerance in this work

Montesquieu

inspired James Madison in his writing of the separation of powers in the english system of government

Rousseau

started an intellectual movement called romanticism that focused on education

The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith's most popular book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

Salons/parlors of the homes of the wealthy

a common meeting place for the Philosophes during the enlightenment

France

where the enlightenment was primarily focused

Europeans started to explore other parts of the world

partially responsible for religious skepticism that occurred during the enlightenment

Rousseau's view of women

Believed if women get an education then it should be an education on how to be a better wife and mother, thought women didn't really deserve an education or real job

Immanuel Kant

defined the enlightenment as mans leaving of self caused immaturity

Causes of the Enlightenment

European interest in the world developed into scientific study; greater exploration of the world exposed Europe to other cultures and philosophies; mistreatment at the hands of monarchies and the church brought average citizens in Europe to a breaking point.

Reign of Terror (1793-1794)

Ten-month period of brutality lead by robespierre when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution.

The Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Rebellion of 1848 in france

February Revolution; led to the collapse of the July Monarchy; Started on 22 February as a protest against the government of François Guizot; developed into an uprising against the monarchy. lead to the abdication of King Louis Philippe on 24 February and the proclamation of the Second Republic.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Austria and Hungary are combined under Francis Joseph I

Tennis Court Oath (1789)

3rd estate was locked out of the meeting room so they went to the Tennis Court room and assembled saying that they would not stop gathering until they got a new constitution

The Radical Revolution

The revolution of French radicals during French Revolution that lead to total anarchy & the Reign of Terror (executions)

The Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Battle of Waterloo (1815)

This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

Napoleon's Invasion of Russia

Grand army invades Russia but the Russian generals had stripped countryside of supplies; land is too devastated/vast to conquer, Napoleon wins nothing, forced to retreat from Moscow

The Crystal Palace 1851

a gigantic greenhouse of massive proportions that contained thousands of exhibits (first world's fair); this was a chance for Britain to showcase their products; inspired industrialism in some countries

Italian Unification (1861)

During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy

John Locke

his social contract stated that the essential rights of man were life, liberty, and property; these should be protected by the government

Thomas Hobbes

social contract stated that their should be one person in charge (the leviathan) who people surrendered their rights to for their protection

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

A philosopher of rationalism who advocated for doubting all sources of truth in order to develop a more rational understanding of reality; argued for dualism between mind and body

Wilhelm I

He became king of Prussia in 1861 and sought to increase Prussian power. He appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Prime Minister. In 1871, at the Palace of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian war, he was proclaimed Kaiser of the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck.

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Military leader whose Red Shirt army liberated most of southern Italy, before conquering the northern section. He was instrumental in the unification of Italy.

Louis XVI

King of France in 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed; executed in 1793.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)

Leader for independence who defeated Spanish forces in South America, liberating Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington and became a general in the Continental Army.

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

George Stephenson

created the steam powered locomotive

Mary Astell

Wrote Serious Proposal to the Ladies that said women were to be better educated. She also argued for the equality of the sexes in marriage.

Frederick the Great

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler

Victor Emmanuel II

He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savory until 1861 when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy

Count Camillo di Cavour

Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of Northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under the king of Piedmont.

nineteenth century nationalism

The rise and spread of nationalism gave people a new sense of identity and unity. It also led to increased competition among nation-states. After Napoleon was defeated, several other European nations joined together to attempt to return to the old conservative ways.

nineteenth century liberalism

focused on the rights of the individual, liberty, political equality and equality before the law

The Middle Class During the Industrial Revolution

owned servants, gained income, got bigger, occupations became more diverse: made up of upper middle class (almost like aristocracy), middle middle class (white-collar professionals), lower middle class (small traders, independent shopkeepers, etc.)

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Child Labor

Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.

The Prussians German Unification

In the 1860s, Otto von Bismarck, then Minister President of Prussia, provoked three wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, aligning the smaller German states behind Prussia in its defeat of France. In 1871 he unified Germany into a nation-state, forming the German Empire