unit 4 combined

Deism

belief that God created the world but doesn't interfere with it, rejected Orthodox Holy Trinity belief

Second Great Awakening

Christian religious revival in 1700s that inspired many other movements and reformations, reaction against liberalism in religion

Burned-Over District

western New York, known for sermons on burning in hell

Mormons

founded by Joseph Smith, taken by Brigham-Young to Utah, persecuted

lyceum

hall of lectures; main platforms for traveling lecturers

American Temperance Society

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption

Maine Law of 1851

sponsored by Neal Dan, no alcohol allowed to be manufactured or sold

Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

organized by Stanton and Mott, demanded equal rights for men and women, focused on suffrage

New Harmony

utopian settlement in Indiana, around 1000 people; founded first American kindergarten and free public school and library

Brook Farm

in Massachusetts made of 20 communistic transcendentalist intellectuals; Nathaniel Hawthorne significant, building burned down

Oneida Community

in New York, shared everything including wives and children because believed in polygamy and free love, persecuted

Shakers

in New York, didn't believe in polygamy or free love, practiced celibacy, adopted orphans to keep movement going but eventually died out

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S., painted American landscape paintings, practiced romanticism

romanticism

Early-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that, in reaction to the hyper-rational Enlightenment, emphasized imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and the self over society.

transcendentalism

Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.

Cartwright

best known of the Methodist "circuit riders" (traveling frontier preachers).

Finney

greatest revivalist preacher, abolitionist

Smith

founded Mormonism, burned

Young

Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education, such as schools that trained teachers and primary education quality increasing "father of the public school system"

Dix

traveled around country and interview mentally ill people, proposed for asylums and hospitals for the mentally ill rather than prisons

Dow

"father of prohibition", sponsored Main Law of 1851 saying NO to alcohol

Mott

Quaker women's rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery, was at Seneca Falls

Stanton

a suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Anthony

Quaker, mentored by Stanton, traveling lecturer, really aggressive for women's rights, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Stanton

Stone

helped organize first national women's rights convention, abolitionist, kept her maiden name after marriage

Owen

founded New Harmony, really believed in education

Audubon

bird man, studied/wrote Birds of America

Foster

African American musician who wrote many famous Black songs

Cooper

first American to get world fame, wrote The Sky and Last of the Mohicans

Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom

Thoreau

American transcendentalist who wrote Walden and Essay on Civil Disobedience that would influence many significant figures later on

Whitman

Transcendentalist who wrote poems, "father of free verse"

Emily Dickinson

Reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality, hesitant during her lifetime to publish poems but many of her works were founded later on

Poe

poet who wrote morbid lyric poems and Gothic horror short stories

ecological imperialism

Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Irish semisecret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States.

Molly Maguires

Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.

Tammany Hall

Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on their patronage, particularly social services.

Know Nothing Party

Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.

cotton gin

Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.

limited liability

legal principal that states you only lose how much you invest in a corporation

factory girls

Young women employed in the growing factories of the early nineteenth century, they labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families.

cult of domesticity

Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

McCormick reaper

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; 1831; fueled the large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the Midwest

turnpike

Privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce.

Erie Canal

New York state canal that dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest.

clipper ships

Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. Clipper ships were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War.

Pony Express

mail carrying service across America that promised mail in 10 days; single rider on a horse

transportation revolution

Term referring to a series of nineteenth-century transportation innovations—turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads—that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.

market revolution

Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network.

Slater

father of factory system, financed by Moses Brown

Whitney

invented cotton gin and interchangeable parts

Howe

invented sewing machine

Singer

improved the sewing machine

Morse

invented telegraph

Deere

invented steel plow

McCormick

invented the mechanical reaper

Clinton

Governor of NY who built Erie Canal

Field

created Atlantic cable telegraph

Astor

American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of __ and the American fur company

Fulton

invented the steamboat

Bank War

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal. Jackson vetoed the bank bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

Anti-masonic Party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Alamo

Fortress in Texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the ___" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence.

Black Hawk War

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act.

corrupt bargain

Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels.

Force Bill

Passed by Congress alongside the compromise Tariff of 1833, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties.

Indian Removal Act

Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.

Goliad

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.

Nullification Crisis

Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

Panic of 1837

Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb overspeculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill," which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply.

pet banks

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.

Battle of San Jacinto

Resulted in the capture of Mexican dictator Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as Texas's Southwestern border.

Specie Circular

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

spoils system

Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system.

Tariff of Abominations

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures.

Trail of Tears

forced march of fifteen thousand Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some four thousand Cherokees died on the arduous journey

Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly his work.

Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Black Hawk

Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838)

Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal of the bank and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Austin

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico

Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Harrison

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Battle of New Orleans

Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.

Congress of Vienna

Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.

Era of Good Feelings

Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

Anglo-American Convention

Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

Dartmouth College v Woodward

Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.

Fletcher v Peck

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.

Gibbons v Ogden

Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.

American System

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.