The American Journey ~ Chapter 19 ~ Review #1
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100 Terms
How many miles did the railroad increase by?
1860: 30,000 1900: 193,000
work, especially hard physical work
Labor
the practice of combining separate companies
Consolidation
Who controlled the nation's rail traffic?
Railroad Barons
James J. Hill's Railroad
The Northern Line
Where did the Northern Line run to and from?
NYC to the Great Lakes
What are the four time zones?
Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern
What did railroads carry to factories?
Ore, Iron, Coal, Timber
What did railroads carry from factories to markets?
Manufactured Goods
What did railroads carry from farms to cities?
Produce
A strong metal made by adding carbon and other elements to refined iron
Steel
What was the material tall buildings were made from?
Steel
What industries were stimulated by the growth of railroads?
Steel, Lumber, Jobs
What resulted from the use of different gauges?
Slow Travel
4 feet, 8.5 inches
Standard Gauge
George Westinghouse made...
Air Brake
Eli H. Janney made...
Car Couplers
Gustavus Swift made...
Refrigerated Cars
George M. Pullman made...
Pullman Sleeping Cars
How did people show hate for Pullman?
They attacked his grave
Secret discounts were called...
Rebates
Who did large railroad companies offer secret rebates to?
Big customers with lots of money
How did rebates affect smaller companies?
Forced out of business
How did giving rebates affect farmers?
Raised freight rates
Barons made secret agreements to make more profit
Pools
Who made skyscrapers?
Louis Sullivan
Who invented the telegraph?
Samuel Morse
When was the telegraph invented?
1844
What company managed the most telegraph lines in U.S.?
Western Union Telegraph Company
Operators translated messages from Morse Code
How Telegraphs Were Sent
Americans used for personal messages, shopkeepers for orders, and reporters for stories
Purposes of the Telegraph
Who laid a cable across the Atlantic?
Cyrus Field
Who invented the telephone?
Alexander Graham Bell
When was the telephone invented?
1876
How many patents were made and when?
Between 1860 and 1900 400,000
What did George Eastman invent in 1888?
Kodak Camera
Where was Thomas Edison's workshop in 1876?
Menlo Park, NJ
What did Edison invent?
Phonograph, Motion Picture Projector, Telephone Transmitter, Storage Battery, Electric Light Bulb
When was the first workable light bulb developed?
1879
What did Edison build in 1882?
1st Electric Plant in NYC
A piece of machinery
Mechanism
Where did Henry Ford establish his auto-making company in 1903?
Detroit, MI
What was the original car called from 1908?
Model T
A series of workers and machines assigned a task to increase efficiency
Assembly Line
The manufacture of goods in large quantities by machinery and assembly lines
Mass Production
Two successful mail order catalog companies
Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck
Stores with identical branches in many places
Chain Stores
Medicine, Fuel, Lubricate Machinery, Refined to Kerosene
Petroleum
Where and when did Edwin L. Drake drill the first oil well?
Titusville, PA and 1859
What were the three factors of production?
Land, Labor, Capital
Refers to all natural resources
Land
The manufactured goods used to make other goods; money; currency; money for investment; stock
Capital
Why did businesses need to raise capital?
To buy raw materials and equipment and pay workers
A company that sells shares of its business to the public
Corporation
Partial owners of businesses by buying stock
Shareholders
Cash payments from the corporation's profits; bonus
Dividends
What happens to shareholders if a company fails?
They lose their investments
What companies formed corporations first?
Railroad companies and manufacturing firms
Where did John D. Rockefeller first build an oil refinery?
Cleveland, OH
What company did Rockefeller organize in 1870?
Standard Oil Company
The method of combining competing companies into one corporation
Horizontal Integration
The method of combining companies so that one company controls all parts of the business
Vertical Integration
A group of companies managed by the same board of directors
Trust
Total control of an industry by a single producer
Monopoly
Two new processes of making steel that changed the industry
Bessemer Process and Open-Hearth Process
What city became the steel capital of the U.S.?
Pittsburgh, PA
Who was the leading figure in the steel industry?
Andrew Carnegie
The use of money or capital to benefit the community
Philanthropy
Prohibited trusts and monopolies; did little to help; people argued that the lack of competition hurt consumers because companies didn't have reasons to keep prices down
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
In the late 1800s, how many hours a week did industrial laborers work?
10-12 a day and 6 days a week
Unsafe; unhealthy; dangerous; no compensation if someone died
Working Conditions in Factories and Mines
Crowded and dangerous urban factories; long hours and low wages
Sweatshops
In the early 1900s, how did women's salaries compare to men's?
1/2
Skilled workers formed together to represent workers in a certain craft or trade
Trade Unions
How did the Knights of Labor identify each other?
Special Handshakes
Why did the Knights of Labor use special handshakes?
Companies Fired Workers Associated with Labor Unions
What was the difference between the Knights of Labor and other unions?
Recruited Women, Blacks, Immigrants, Unskilled Laborers
What was the American Federation of Labor formed?
1881
Whom did the AFL represent?
Skilled Workers in Various Crafts
Who was the leader of the AFL?
Samuel Gompers
Of what union did Samuel Gompers represent?
Cigar Makers' Union
Collecting numbers to make striking more effective
Collective Bargaining
When was the Chicago Fire?
1871
Where was the fire that occurred in 1911?
Triangle Shirtwaist Company
What went wrong at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company?
Fire Hose Wasn't Long Enough and Door was too Small
What happened as a result of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire?
International Ladies' Garment Workers Union
Replacements who are hired to make strikes ineffective
Strikebreakers
Bloody clash between police and strikers; McCormick Harvester Company; bomb thrown; several killed
Chicago's Haymarket Square in 1886
What happened after the Haymarket Riot?
Americans Associated the Movement with Terror and Disorder
Why did the Carnegie steel plant cut wages?
To Weaken the Unions
Managers hired nonunion workers and brought 300 armed guards; 10 dead
Homestead steel plant in 1892
How did George Pullman respond when his workers went on strike in 1894?
Closed the Plant
How did the American Railway Union support the Pullman Strike?
Refused to Handle Pullman Cars
Who fought back against the Pullman Strike?
Pullman and Railroad Owners
Court order; saying essential workers have to go back to work
Injunction
Who was the leader of the American Railway Union?
Eugene V. Debs
What happened to Eugene V. Debs after the union refused to end its strike?
He was Sent to Jail
How was the Pullman Strike ended?
Grover Cleveland Sent Troops to Chicago
How did the Labor Movement affect workers?
Better Wages and Conditions
Who were numbers more important to?
Unskilled Workers