Module 4 - NS (copy)

Treaty 6

A historical agreement between the Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government, acknowledging the land and respecting the rights and cultures of the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit.

Indigenous Legal Traditions

Legal systems and principles developed by Indigenous communities based on their worldviews, beliefs, and cultural practices.

European Influence

The impact of European settlers on Indigenous legal traditions and the imposition of European laws and values.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

A British declaration that recognized Indigenous rights and established a framework for the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Crown.

Indian Act

Canadian legislation that governs the rights and status of Indigenous peoples, including land ownership, governance, and cultural practices.

Potlatch Law

A law that prohibited Indigenous cultural ceremonies and practices, such as the potlatch, which were seen as threats to European values and control.

Resistance

The ongoing efforts by Indigenous peoples to protect and revitalize their legal traditions and assert their rights in the face of colonization and assimilation policies.

Aboriginal rights

Collective rights held by the community rather than the individual, incorporating duties that limit government powers or guide its actions.

Indigenous legal traditions

The laws practiced by Indigenous peoples that are the basis for sui generis Aboriginal rights.

Restorative justice

A system that focuses on healing, reparation, and rehabilitation of all parties involved in a crime, rather than punishment.

Consequences

The outcomes or punishments for breaking the law, which vary from community to community within Indigenous legal traditions.

Non-interference

The value of allowing individuals to derive their own meaning from stories and make their own decisions about behavior, promoting responsibility and accountability.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

A legal document that defined the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the British, recognizing Indigenous rights to their land and way of life.

Indigenous allies

Indigenous peoples who formed alliances with Europeans.

Land rights

The rights of Indigenous peoples to their traditional lands.

Annual gifts

Regular offerings of guns and ammunition to Indigenous allies.

Treaties

Agreements between Indigenous peoples and Europeans.

Trade

Exchange of goods and services between Indigenous peoples and Europeans.

Intermarriage

Marriage between Indigenous peoples and Europeans.

Unwritten terms

Informal agreements regarding land acquisition.

Land acquisition

The process of obtaining land.

Proclamation

The Royal Proclamation of 1763, a British legislation recognizing Indigenous land rights.

Consent

Permission or agreement.

Negotiate

Discuss and reach an agreement.

Land transfers

The transfer of land ownership.

Private citizen

An individual who is not a government official.

Agreement

A formal understanding or contract.

License

Permission or authorization.

Subsistence rights

Rights to resources necessary for survival.

Aboriginal jurisdiction

Authority over Indigenous matters.

Civilization

Complex, centralized societies removed from the natural environment.

Cultural identity

Identity based on culture, religion, and lifestyle.

Hierarchy

Ranking of civilizations based on perceived advancement.

Uncivilized

Considered primitive or barbaric.

Worldviews

Perspectives and beliefs about the world.

Harmony

Balance and peaceful coexistence.

Accountability

Responsibility for one's actions.

Respect

Showing consideration and admiration.

Sharing

Distribution and cooperation.

Political alliances

Agreements between different groups for common interests.

Education

The process of acquiring knowledge and skills.

Law

Systems of rules and regulations.

Restitution

Making amends for wrongdoing.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

A declaration by the British government that recognized the rights of Indigenous peoples in Canada to a significant portion of the land they occupied.

Indigenous groups

The various native peoples who inhabited Canada before colonization.

American Independence

The formation of the United States, which led to British efforts to prevent American expansion northward into Canada.

Loyalists

Individuals who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution and migrated to Canada.

Land disputes

Conflicts over land ownership and boundaries between settlers and Indigenous peoples.

British North America Act

A law passed in 1867 that allowed Lower Canada to ignore the guidelines of the Royal Proclamation and secure land for arriving Loyalists.

Fur desert

A term used to describe the British attempt to deplete fur resources along the 49th parallel to discourage American settlement.

White mountain men

Non-Indigenous individuals who patrolled Oregon country and the Pacific Northwest to discourage American advancement.

Land title policies

Policies enacted by James Douglas, HBC Chief Factor, that required Indigenous peoples to abandon their hunting lifestyle and embrace agriculture in order to hold land titles.

Indian Act

A law passed in 1876 that aimed to assimilate Indigenous peoples and undermined their identity, sovereignty, and nationhood.

Enfranchisement

The process of relinquishing Indian status to become a Canadian citizen under the Indian Act.

Potlatch Law

An amendment to the Indian Act in 1884 that banned ceremonies such as the potlatch, a significant cultural event for Coast Salish peoples involving gift giving and feasting.

Redistribution of wealth

The act of distributing wealth or resources among a population, often with the goal of achieving greater equality.

Refinement of oral histories

The process of preserving and improving oral traditions and stories passed down through generations.

Affirmation of territorial boundaries

The recognition and validation of the boundaries and territories of Indigenous peoples.

Potlatch

A traditional Indigenous ceremony involving gift-giving and feasting, which was seen as a barrier to assimilation by Western societies.

Assimilation

The process of absorbing or integrating individuals or groups into a dominant culture.

Oral history

The transmission of historical knowledge, traditions, and cultural practices through spoken word and storytelling.

Indian Act

A Canadian law that had provisions banning potlatches and restricting Indigenous rights and cultural practices.

Residential school system

A system in Canada that aimed to assimilate Indigenous children by separating them from their families and suppressing their cultural identity.

Cultural preservation

The act of protecting and maintaining cultural traditions, practices, and knowledge for future generations.

Indigenous peoples

The original inhabitants of a particular region or territory, often with distinct cultural, social, and political identities.

Rachel Forbes

Author of "Creating Legal Space for Animal-Indigenous Relationships"

UnderCurrents

Journal of Critical Environmental Studies:Journal where Rachel Forbes' article was published

Paul Gilbert

Author of "Cultural Identity and Political Ethics"

Edinburgh University Press

Publisher of Paul Gilbert's book

John Grim

Author of "Indigenous Lifeways and Knowing the World"

The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science

Book edited by Philip Clayton, where John Grim's article was published

Stuart Hall

Author of "The West and the Rest:Discourse and Power"

The Formations of Modernity

Understanding Modern Societies an Introduction:Book edited by Bram Gieben and Stuart Hall, where Stuart Hall's article was published

Michel Hogue

Author of "Metis and the Medicine Line:Creating a Border and Dividing a People"

First ed

Publisher of Michel Hogue's book

Shelly Johnson

Author of "Developing First Nations Courts in Canada:Elders as Foundational to Indigenous Therapeutic Jurisprudence"

Journal of Indigenous Social Development

Journal where Shelly Johnson's article was published

Gerry Johnstone

Author of "Restorative Justice:Ideas, Values, Debates"

Routledge

Publisher of Gerry Johnstone's book

Sergei Kan

Author of "Symbolic Immortality:The Tlingit Potlatch of the Nineteenth Century"

2nd ed

University of Washington Press:Publisher of Sergei Kan's book

Zoë Laidlaw and Alan Lester

Editors of "Indigenous Communities and Settler Colonialism:Land Holding, Loss and Survival in an Interconnected World"

Palgrave Macmillan

Publisher of Zoë Laidlaw and Alan Lester's book

Cathy MacDonald and Audrey Steenbeek

Authors of "The Impact of Colonization and Western Assimilation on Health and Wellbeing of Canadian Aboriginal People"

International Journal of Regional and Local History

Journal where Cathy MacDonald and Audrey Steenbeek's article was published

John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo

Authors of "The Civil Law Tradition:An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America"

Stanford University Press

Publisher of John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo's book

John Sheridan Milloy

Author of "Indian Act Colonialism:A Century of Dishonour, 1869-1969"

National Centre for First Nations Governance

Organization for which John Sheridan Milloy wrote the research paper

Muskeg Lake Cree Nation

Source of "Nêhiyaw Wiyasowêwina (Cree Law)"

Pamela Palmater

Author of "Beyond Blood:Rethinking Indigenous Identity"

UBC Press

Publisher of Pamela Palmater's book

AnneCharter Poonwassie

Author of "An Aboriginal Worldview of Helping:Empowering Approaches"

Canadian Journal of Counselling

Journal where AnneCharter Poonwassie's article was published

Arthur J

Author of "An Illustrated History of Canada’s Native People:I Have Lived Here Since the World Began"

McGill-Queen’s Press

Publisher of Arthur J. Ray's book

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples

Organization that published the "Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples"

Sayers, Judith F.

Editor of "First Nations Women, Governance and the Indian Act:A Collection of Policy Research Reports"

Status of Women Canada

Publisher of Judith F. Sayers' book

Jim Scow and Royal Commission of Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP)

Authors of "Our Legacy:Transcriptions of Public Hearings and Round Table Discussions, 1992–1993"